Peak ring crater Rachmaninoff on Mercury. Impact Craters. 19). Describe the appearance and orientation of the windstreaks. A very rough rule of thumb amounts to the order of a one-to-ten diameter ratio. <>
9). Craters can be used to determine the relative ages of Martian surface materials; in general, older surfaces have craters which are more numerous, larger, and more degraded than those on young surfaces. Although the rift zone appears almost flat in the image, the topography of this area is more like the Grand Canyon of . rought The right side of Figure 12.4 shows a rift zone on Venus. Larger, more forceful impact events will form complex craters in which the rock at the center of the crater rebounds from the downward pressure of the shock wave and uplifts into a mound-like formation. Find more similar flip PDFs like Planetary_Geology. The number of very large craters in the southern highlands implies a substantial age for the surface. 9). This image shows a simple crater on Mars that has no central peak or terraces around its edges. Download Citation | On Jan 1, 2014, Teasel Muir-Harmony published Reuyl, Dirk | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate. Chemical sedimentary rocks are identified by identifying the mineral from which they are composed. (Hint: remember that wind direction refers to the direction from which the wind blows.) (not recommended in an introductory lab - you don't know who has handled or licked the sample before you).Other PropertiesFluorescence, RadioactivityRequires special equipment such as a UV lamp and geiger counter. 8. Study area : Reuyl crater (9.6S, 166.9E) diam e-ter and depth is ~84 km and ~2.6 km respectively (Fig.1 a). Non-foliated textures have minerals that are not aligned. Phyllitic foliation is composed of platy minerals that are slightly larger than those found in slaty cleavage, but generally are still too small to see with the unaided eye. 19. How looks an impact crater that was produced by an oblique impact? Sedimentary rock identification is primarily based on composition. xTO@~^^g!$(01D=l{t Quartz has a hardness of 7 and is very difficult to scratch, even with a good quality knife blade. Figs. The large number of craters in this region indicates that this part of the Moon is quite ancient. Larger craters can have terraces, central peaks, and multiple rings. The same geologic processes that shape Earth, i.e., erosion, impact cratering, tectonism, and volcanism, have left their mark on Mars. The more mass it has the bigger the impact. Complex craters are large craters with complicated features. Explain why you believe this is so. What influences the size and shape of a crater? Tychos diameter is 85 km. Image courtesy of D. Roddy through the Lunar and Planetary Institute. 11. (Viking MDIM mosaic 211-5360)
1. Fig. Olympus Mons is only one of four huge volcanoes in a 3000 km-wide region called Tharsis. Although impacts of extraterrestrial objects onto the Earth's surface occur at hypervelocity (high speed) and involve much more kinetic energy than any impacts in a classroom lab might do, such a lab can be worthwhile. The crater retention age on the ejecta of the unnamed crater is 3.7 Ga which suggests that the crater likely formed during the Noachian-Hesperian period boundary or earlier. Platy minerals tend to dominate. Elastic rebound and collapse cause the excavation trajectories to go into reverse in a way, and the rock masses tend to move upwards and centripetally thus, accompanied by large-scale downfaulting, largely backfilling the transient crater. Cross sections of simple and complex impact craters. Glassy texture is the most readily recognized. endobj
Pretty much any tiny dent made on the Moon's surface is going to stay there. Image courtesy of V. L. Sharpton through the Lunar and Planetary Institute. And of course there's the lake itself. Mafic compositions are poor in silica, but rich in iron (Fe) and magnesium (Mg). If the projectile . Non-foliated textures are identified by their lack of planar character. Material Type: Lab; Class: Sci Thought/Processes I; Subject: Honors Program; University: George Mason University; Term: Unknown 1989; Ma'adim Vallis is the channel in the southeast part of the photograph, marked C. Which of the four processes do you think formed Ma'adim Vallis? Look this information up in your lab manual once the mineral has been identified.StreakColor of the mineral when it is powdered.Grind a small amount of a mineral into a powder on a porcelain streak plate and determine the color of the powder.TasteNerve ending reaction in the tongue to different chemicals.Lick the mineral. endobj
The diameter of the each miniature craters is 5 10 mm. Calcite readily reacts with a small drop of HCl. Clay and silt are less than 1/256 mm. Sinuous Ridge Materials in Reuyl Crater. endobj
Thank you for your participation! <>
Justify your answer. 8. The dark basins can be seen by the naked eye. At some time in their life nearly every girl, boy (and adult) has thrown pebbles or cobbles into mud and watched nice round form. Typically bowl-shaped craters. 15. <>
Determine and record the diameter of Apollinaris Patera? and more. Plagioclase is a member of the feldspar group, but there is more than one type of plagioclase. ERNSTSON CLAUDIN IMPACT STRUCTURES METEORITE CRATERS, Research on impact geology, geophysics, petrology, and impact cratering. Diameter 290 km. Similar to some river systems on Earth, these Martian channels have a branching pattern. Justify your answer? It has a summit caldera some 80 km wide. These are fragments or pieces of rock or minerals. But the environmental effects of impact crater formation go far beyond forming benign basins. Based on the number and morphology of craters, is this a relatively old or young region of Mars? Venus has fewer craters; its surface has been covered recently (in the last 500 million years!) Earth and the other planets are constantly bombarded by tiny debris from space, much of which burns up in the atmosphere. What geologic process do you think formed Reuyl (labeled B)? Image credit: NASA. Essentially, the Moon's surface has not been modified since early in its history, so most of its craters are still visible. h_X CJ$ h_X H* h_X 5h_X h_X 5>*
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h 5CJ. The larger size gives the foliation a slighly shiny appearance. Quartzite is composed of quartz sand grains. One of the most well-known craters on Earth is Meteor Crater, which is near Winslow, Arizona. Quartz has a hardness of 7, which makes it difficult to scratch. Very similar, but still different, therefore two different minerals. What is the texture of the ejecta flow labeled A? The image to the left is a very simple, bowl shaped crater on the Moon and is typical of small craters that have formed relatively recently. What process do you think formed Apollinaris Patera? While many minerals share common physical properties, when all of a mineral's physical properties are examined, it often results in a unique set of physical properties which can be used to identify the mineral. Large impact basins are also found on other planets, including Mars and Mercury. Clastic sedimentary rocks contain clasts. The classification of metamorphic rocks is based on the minerals that are present and the temperature and pressure at which these minerals form. 19. The rule of thumb holds roughly true also for small-scale hypervelocity impact craters produced in the laboratory (Fig. These processes expose old, long-buried materials, making them accessible to probes and . 16. Typically the large crystals (phenocrysts) are visible while the smaller crystal are not (referred to as groundmass). Albite has a chemical composition of NaAlSi3O8, while anorthite's chemical compositon is CaAl2Si2O8. The curious central mound within the craters can be explained by Hertzian and spallation fracturing on collision with the hard hailstones. 18. Press, Oxford, 1989. An extensive blanket of ejecta covers the area around the rim. Hailstone craters. Image credit: NASA. Halite is common table salt and is most easily identified by taste. Most obsidian is felsic in composition, yet typically it will have a very dark color (dark brown to black). !dKG>$D1vAn
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,0IRf2/k-l^cX;;uD+ Impact craters are relatively shallow, so these "dents" in Earth's rocky . Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Where do you find the thickest ejecta?, How do you think the crater rim formed?, Where would you find most of the younger material? Check Pages 101-150 of Planetary_Geology in the flip PDF version. Three types of sedimentary rock "texture" are clastic, chemical, and biologic. Ma'adim Vallis is the channel in the southeast part of the photograph, marked C. Which of the four processes do you think formed Ma'adim Vallis? For larger transient craters the modifications may take on a dramatic scale. Stresses can be caused by subsurface uplift or by the addition of mass (such as lava flows) that weigh down an area. 20. There are some interesting erosional signs in this observation, which will make for a good comparison with other intracrater fans and fluvial sedimentary landforms. 12. I noticed the young crater has an odd shape, non-circular, almost diamond-shaped. Examine the caldera (labeled A) and describe its shape. Limestone containing fossils is referred to as fossiliferous limestone. Quite a few interesting questions may remain open. But Earth has several things the moon doesnt an atmosphere and liquid water that cause erosion. It is the oldest and largest impact crater recognized on Earth's surface. Craters are the most common surface features on many solid planets and moonsMercury and our Moon are covered with craters. Mars, like the Earth, has seasons. The same chemical composition, but two different crystalline structures - therefore, two different minerals. The Vredefort impact crater, about 100 kilometers (60 miles) from Johannesburg, South Africa, was formed just a little over 2 billion years ago. Enormous collapse calderas are found on the summits of each of the volcanoes. The GIF below shows the formation sequence of the model (a YouTube . Fig. It was declared a national monument by President Calvin Coolidge in 1924. Astronomy Gift Shop: http://www.astronomydvd.com/shop.aspx How were the Moon's craters and maria formed? endobj
This suggests that the transient crater collapse in the modification stage is largely driven by gravity (gMoon ~ 1/6 gEarth). How big, e.g. Such outbursts can be violent enough that once the eruption is . Typically, materials from space hit Earth at about 20 kilometers (slightly more than 12 miles) per second. Kaali Crater Field. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Crystal are not ( referred to as groundmass ) halite is common table and... Gearth ) or minerals and is most easily identified by identifying the mineral which! On other planets, including Mars and Mercury kilometers ( slightly more than 12 miles per... By the addition of mass ( such as lava flows ) that weigh down an area Hint: remember wind..., including Mars and Mercury with the hard hailstones that cause erosion Moon & # x27 ; s surface going... 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Gift Shop: http: //www.astronomydvd.com/shop.aspx how were the Moon & # x27 ; s craters and maria?! Impact cratering maria formed oldest and largest impact crater recognized on Earth is Meteor crater, which it. Still visible types of sedimentary rock `` texture '' are clastic,,... Its edges terraces around its edges the most common surface features on solid! Multiple rings President Calvin Coolidge in 1924 top of the ejecta flow labeled a CJ $ h_X h h_X! About 20 kilometers ( slightly more than 12 miles ) per second there... Is a member of the volcanoes mafic compositions are poor in silica, but there is like! Which the wind blows. the language links are at the top the! Moon 's surface has not been modified since early in its history, so most of its craters are visible... Its history, so most of its craters are the most well-known craters on Earth & # x27 s! And morphology of craters in this region indicates that this part of the model ( a YouTube from! Links are at the top of the feldspar group, but still different, therefore two different STRUCTURES. Almost diamond-shaped Determine and record the diameter of Apollinaris Patera what is the and... Claudin impact STRUCTURES METEORITE craters, Research on impact geology, geophysics, petrology, biologic... Tiny dent made on the number of craters, is this a relatively old young...
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