mixing pva with filler

The shorter the fiber, the more individual fibers there will be per lb of fiber. Rather than buying multiple cans of paints with different properties, you can mix in additives instead. If you are using white - the darker color may match the wood when wet - which is the color it will be when a clear coat finish is applied. (shellac for me).. Fibers are produced as RECS and RSC, the primary difference being that the RECS sizing creates a fiber that more freely disperses in the concrete mix, particularly at higher dosage rates. Nature and the geometry of the filler-added biobased films have enhanced their properties such as gas barrier, mechanical stiffness, transparency, and thermal stability. Running a magnet through the sawdust will pick up any ferrous metal. 2006-2023, Nautical Research Guild. In the last decades, the biobased films have been investigated due to their biodegradability and for being suitable, generally obtainable, and less expensive materials in the industry. It may not display this or other websites correctly. In investigations, cellulose nanofibers blocked the recrystallization of starch by decreasing the mobility of polymer chains. Depending on the increasing functional groups of plasticizer, TS and E% of tartaric acid (H.2, C.2) added biobased films with two same functional groups were greater than those of malic acid, glycerol, and sorbitol [6, 30]. Furthermore, these modifications increase the TS and modulus of elasticity of biofilms, unlike elongation at break [33]. Repeat steps 2-4 until the desired amount has been added OR until you reach your desired viscosity 5. My friend in my wood working group has the same problem.Tried different UK manufacturers but to no avail. This mix is incredibly versatile, in a large part because of the utilization of PVA Fibers. On the other hand, when the glycerol and xylitol added films were compared, it was found that xylitol-added biobased films had a higher strength and more elasticity than glycerol-added biobased films due to its 5 hydroxyl groups [31]. GFRC Blended Mix-PVA fibers are great for adding impact resistance in mist coats, can be used in combination with Glass Fiber in backer coats, and can be used in SCC Mixes as a primary reinforcement. PVA/starch-based biodegradable formulations are produced from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and starch known as main compositions with different additives such as plasticizer, cross-linkers, and filing materials. TS, E%, swelling behavior, and degree of the compatibility with PVA and starch were lower compared to sorbitol and citric acid. See my Affiliate Disclosure for more details. Most wood glues are lightly brown-tinted, but if you can find white wood glue, it will create a better color match. Those spout tops are positioned such that if you tip it on it's side with the top at the higher side, the resin will just barely reach that level. Moreover, modification with glutaraldehyde also improved the thermal stability of films. At the same time, their TS and E% have improved [44]. Can it be covered with carbon vinyl and sprayed with a clear coat to shine?Carbon fiber is expensive so weight and looks of carbon is enough for my part, 8 years ago If your paint does not stick too well with your finish, you can add in a bit of PVA to increase the paints adhesiveness. what exactly was up with the chimney breast? A test sample is always recommended before tooling. You can use PVA to cover up any small dents or holes and just paint over it for painting purposes. It may not display this or other websites correctly. Another approach for the fabrication of PVA/starch blend biobased films is using a single or twin screw extruders. If When I mix the wood dust with neat PVA it initially matches the wood then darkens significantly as it dries. Dosage- 0.2% PVA7 or PVA15 (PVA7 are easier to spray), Backer Mix :: Used in combination with a standard glass fiber loading for added ductility. However, because of the amorphous structure of amylopectin, %E of blend film was lower. There are two major polymers of starch: amylose and amylopectin. However, these plastics are totally nonbiodegradable and expose a serious ecological problem due to hydrophobic properties and very low water vapor transmission rate [2, 3]. By Vladimir Shmalko, Valeriia Karchakova, Oleh Zelens By David O. Obada, Laminu S. Kuburi, David Dodoo-Arhi By Shih-Ying Chang, Yan-Hua Huang and Lung-Chuan Tsao, IntechOpen Limited 13 years ago If I don't know how to do something, I'll learn how to do it! The presence of two type of functional groups could also significantly influence other properties of biobased films. after mixing with a filler or before filler?and what about cobalt? Or add the mixture to the sawdust. it depends on preference. 'Model Ship World' and emblem are Registered Trademarks . Its easy to add more additives onto paint, but its impossible to remove an additive once its been mixed in already. As well as several other online suppliers. PVA is used as a primer for painting purposes, which is supposed to help your finish work better by changing the characteristics of what you want to apply paint, whether that be reducing porousness or smoothing out a surface. The plasticizer effect of water could usually be effective when it is used also together or not with an above-mentioned plasticizer. Dosage can range from 0.1% to 2%. Effect of plasticization on some characteristics of PVA/starch films along with obtained improvements. On the Tung oil side, the filler is barely visible on the non-forgiving photo but it is completely invisible actually looking at it. Furthermore, silica has also improved the compatibility between PVA and starch and formed a rigid structure. Among the investigated plasticizers, 1,4-butanediol demonstrated the maximum plasticizing effect for starch and PVA due to small molecular size and geometry [32]. ECC Blended Mix-These mixes are designed specifically to utilize high loadings of PVA fibers as means for primary reinforcement. The right side has pure Tung oil on. When used at certain loading rates, PVA Fibers can be used as primary reinforcement. The plasma and irradiation treatment known as novel modification were also applied to PVA and starch blend films. Since PVA fibers are monofilament fibers, as opposed to a bundle fiber like AR Glass Fiber, the fibers disperse throughout the concrete matrix with minimal visibility in the finished object. (Dry Mix + Liquid) x Dosage Rate. Types of thickening agents and their uses are beyond the scope of this instructable - but in general, mixing them into Consequently, these modifications applied to starch and PVA cause the esterification, etherification, hydrogen bonding, and oxidation in their molecular structure. Preparation of blends and nanocomposites. Books > To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the worlds most-cited researchers. With the increasing amount of urea in the biobased films, the sensitivity to water increased, while the melting point of blends decreased. Best to be followed with a structural mix utilizing glass fiber. WebStep 1: Combine Sawdust With Glue Mix equal parts of sawdust and glue together. Note- All dosage rates are based on the weight of the total mix. That ring around the bucket on the floor caused me to shiver. Clear editor. Is your type of PVA - yellow - which I prefer for wood to wood - or white PVA.. These treatments can influence physicochemical properties of biohybrid films. Furthermore, the crystallinity of biobased films was also decreased by the addition of urea and formamide. Even if your paint does not come with PVA, its not a good idea to mix in the chemical since there are more accessible and more efficient ways to get the same benefits. The filler will boost conductivity and the polymer matrix will increase dielectric strength Development of PVA/Fe3O4 nanocomposite membrane. WebYou may have experienced the use of PVA glue mixed with sawdust as a wood filler. When it comes to the marine industry, polyester resin is the most common as it is more rigid than it's epoxy counterpart. In several studies, starch was used with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). depicted that TS increased on the contrary E% after using to blend film modified methylmethacrylate with acrylamide [31]. It will not take much effort to sand the area smooth. I wouldn't even think of doing it. [6]. This is informative and I like that you added warnings about the materials. 10 years ago As my experience with them has been excellent, I will return the service with a link to their product.US Composites. I'm studying plastering at college in notts. With irradiated or plasma modifications, biofilms could prolong the storage conditions up to 15days [54]. Furthermore, the biobased films containing citric acid (H.1, C.3) were stronger and more flexible than that of containing glycerol [7, 30] and xylitol (H.5, C.0) [31]. Working quickly, use a putty knife to flatten the wood filler and scrape away excess. Dynamic Mechanical Behaviour of Coir and Coconut H A large decrease in tensile strength in all the tested films was recorded when the storage relative humidity increased from 15% to 33%. Both were smoothed with steel wool. I use white PVA wood glue for the reasons stated above. I generally try to make a 1:1 ratio and then dilute with water which can help with the "too The Guild is a non-profit educational organization whose mission is to Advance Ship Modeling Through Research. Sand a piece of sample wood that matches the project material. Shop Notes, Ship Modeling Tips, Techniques and Research. However, the plasticizers in the biobased films cause an increase in permeability to moisture, oxygen, and aromatic compounds [27]. PVA should not be mixed with paint under normal circumstances. Avoid adding so much glue that the mixture becomes runny. Here's how to do it safely and with an acceptable margin of accuracy.WARNING - THESE INSTRUCTIONS INVOLVE THE USE OF METHYL ETHYL KEYTONE PEROXIDE (MEK-P), A CORROSIVE COMPOUND THAT IS MILDLY "EXPLOSIVE." At the same time, it increased TS, limiting oxygen index, decomposition temperature, and water absorption [41]. However, the biobased films obtained from starch have demonstrated some disadvantages such as brittleness, low processability, high water sensitivity (i.e., low moisture resistance and hydrophilic character), and poor mechanical properties compared to petroleum-based conventional polymers [37]. However, this material has high moisture absorption due to the presence of many hydroxyl groups [3]. Citric acid as another cross-linker can also be preferred for biobased films. *Address all correspondence to: eyyupkaraogul@gmail.com. In this way, the properties such as gas barrier, mechanical stiffness, transparency and thermal stability of the filler-added films are improved. PVA/starch/graphene nanocomposites were prepared through solution mixing and casting method. Add wood glue and stir with a craft stick, adding more glue until the mixture is or if you are doing it yourself you can find suppliers local to you. WebSometimes, it is beneficial to add a filler/thickening agent. Most paints already have additives that support these functions, so youre already enjoying the benefits that weve listed above. For this reason, Jiang etal. I reckon the re***d that done it got confused and rather than putting the pva on before hand threw it in with the mix, it wont hurt it sounds like he just rushed the job tbh, if he was a painter he probably thought itd set too quick for him so put PVA in to slow it down, Unfortunately purdydog Plymouth is well known in the plastering trade as having the countrys worst plasterers. Everyone is responsible for their own code, their basic business ideals stick to what I think are honest and every six months - you'll have some sort of web application breath trough (even if it's just a great feature that's now free VIA Google :P). Is it flexible enough to le it hang like a drip? Are you a trade or supplier? WebWEST SYSTEM fillers are used to thicken the basic epoxy resin/hardener mixture for specific applications. The number reference, in this case "15", designates the denier, or diameter, of the fiber. The filler in PVA/starch biobased films has a high potential class. Fillers - Synthesis, Characterization and Industrial Application, Submitted: July 2nd, 2018 Reviewed: September 28th, 2018 Published: December 19th, 2018, Total Chapter Downloads on intechopen.com. JavaScript is disabled. Make sure that the dust matches the area you want to patch. Also, PVA is suitable for paper adhesive material, and packaging application [3]. Your link has been automatically embedded. %E of the glycerol or sorbitol-succinic acidadded films increased, while %E of succinic acidadded film decreased with increasing amount of additives. Over the last 10years, hundreds of studies about PVA/starch biobased films have been carried out on the topic using various production techniques. PVA/starch biohybrid films are widely becoming an eco-friendly alternative to petrochemical-based plastics due to their biodegradability and for being suitable, generally obtainable, and less expensive materials. It would be murder trying to spread multi finish with it in,,, it wouldn't work. Another filler salt, AlCl3.6H2O, can show compatibility with PVA and starch. At the same time, the crystallinity of PVA in blend film decreased importantly compared to pure PVA film. Its based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. Convenience is another reason you might want to make your own wood filler. on Introduction. When epichlorohydrin was used for cross-linking, the TS and %E of starch/PVA blend films increased. Unless you know how! Any suggestions please? Longer fibers produce better tensile strength (macro reinforcement). As different inorganic salts are used in the biobased films, their crystalline [47], thermal, water vapor barrier, and mechanical properties can be significantly affected via strong hydrogen bonds. Our team is growing all the time, so were always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing. Lee has over two decades of hands-on experience remodeling, fixing, and improving homes, and has been providing home improvement advice for over 13 years. Toupret fine surface filler is a ready mixed lightweight filler for fine surface imperfections. WebDAP Vinyl Spackling: DAP Vinyl Spackling is a ready to use filler. Cross-linking modification method is an effective and frequently applied approach to enhance the physicochemical and mechanical properties of PVA and starch [33]. PVA's are purported as 'chemically bonding' with concrete. Before anything else, you should be aware that mixing anything with your paint may void its warranty. Moreover, changing rates of PVA and starch illustrated important role in blend films. Im Jon. Slowhand 2018 The Author(s). Primer for walls (There are better options aside from PVA). By Vladimir Shmalko, Valeriia Karchakova, Oleh Zelenskyi and Fedir Cheshko. As with any wood filler, your DIY wood filler will not be able to match the wood grain. Furthermore, PVA has relatively high manufacturing cost in comparison with the other commercial polymers in the market. PVAs main property as a chemical is to act as an adhesive, and it works well on porous materials. What types are best? The enthalpy and crystallinity slightly decreased with increasing concentration of borax due to increasing cross-linking. Increasing amylose ratio in blend film significantly increased %E values as it plays an important role in cross-linking [7]. on Step 4. in feeling dumb How do I view this video? However, the water absorption property of the biobased film decreased with the increasing glycerol ratio due to its hydrophobicity [29]. Can you mix them together? Polyester resin is one of the more common forms of resins - epoxy resin being another very common form. We provide support to our members in their efforts to raise the quality of their model ships. Also, water vapor and oxygen permeability, water uptake, and hydrophobic character of the chitosan-added bioblend film were better than biofilm without chitosan due to its incorporation [46]. It had a good interaction, homogeneity, and sensitivity to the water with PVA and starch in comparison with glycerol and sorbitol. Plasticization in starch and PVA involves place in the amorphous area for higher molecular dynamism as well as their flexibility. If it is true, then we win. In PVA/starch biohybrid film, natural raw materials were also added as fillers such as cellulose nanofibers, chitosan, and feather keratin. I tried the PVA-wood dust mix butcouldn't make it work. A sander with a collection bag makes it easy to collect the sawdust, but using a file, rasp, or sanding by hand will also make perfectly usable sawdust if you don't have a power sander. Simultaneously, addition of nano-SiO2/TiO2/CaCO3 into PVA/starch blends increased the TS of biofilms enhancing the interfacial adhesion through inter- and intramolecular interactions. Conclusion PVA should not be mixed with paint under normal circumstances. The filler clay had an important effect on biobased films due to its hydrophilicity. The chemical and physical modifications provide stronger hydrogen bonds in films due to increasing carboxyl groups. GLOVES ARE A MUST AROUND THESE COMPOUNDS AS THEY WILL ATTACK ORGANIC LIFE FORMS - THAT MEANS YOU, YOU MEAT PERSON! I also mix the sawdust with white PVA glue. Hence, the carbonyl groups of biofilms are improved with plasma treatment by using rotary argon plasma equipment. Keep in mind, the trade off for it's higher stiffness is that it is more brittle. Like other Toupret products, it offers quick drying times and will not flash or grin through. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. 5 Princes Gate Court, Remember, adding fillers can increase the amount of heat generated due to the internal friction of the resin mixture - be aware of this as it may play a role in your pot life (how long it takes before the resin starts heating up/curing). WebYou can use PVA to cover up any small dents or holes and just paint over it for painting purposes. The concept of plasticization could be understood with the analysis of different properties such as elongation at break (mentioned above) or glass transition point (Tg). It's probably not a big deal if you only use this stuff very rarely, but if you are using Cabosil in large batches often, you will do well to protect yourself. After the starch was gelatinized, the melting point of blend film decreased because of forming stronger hydrogen bonding interactions at an elevated preparation temperature [11]. Because of the nature and the geometry of the filler, the properties of biobased films such as gas barrier, mechanical stiffness, transparency, and thermal stability have been enhanced [37, 39]. Plasticizers are additives that increase the elasticity. Did not work. Stored wood filler will harden and cannot be saved. PVA reinforced concrete is tremendously ductile, or flexible. If you are not certain about whether an application is appropriate, you can share your concerns and receive feedback byfilling out this form. Same question as Justin. I do it slightly different bymixing the white pva glue 50-50 with water. Almost any marine supplier will carry it. Is your type of PVA - yellow - which I prefer for wood to wood - or white PVA. The white seems the be water clear when it polymerizes. The yellow i However, urea as a plasticizer showed stronger interactions with starch and PVA in biofilms than those of glycerol and sorbitol [11, 28]. If you're cutting wood on an electric miter saw, that's another fast way to create sawdust without wasting wood. I know its a very well known technique to fill gaps, cracks with a filler which matches the wood, but when I mix PVA with a wood dust say lime , cherryor beech the mix always dries darker than the original wood dust. Most manufacturers already include PVA(Polyvinyl Acetate) into the paint that they sell, especially for paints intended for interior finishes. How much hardening agent should be added to a single litter or gallon of resin? Water is accepted as a basic plasticizer for PVA/starch biofilms. If you want a mix that is more flowable, then adding the larger PVA 100's will introduce less surface area and a less dense fiber matrix, allowing the mix to move more freely. In permeability to moisture, oxygen, and sensitivity to water increased, the... Case `` 15 '', designates the denier, or diameter, of the utilization of PVA starch... In starch and PVA involves place in the market for specific applications especially for paints intended interior... Stiffness, transparency and thermal stability of films an important effect on biobased films has a high potential.... The PVA-wood dust mixing pva with filler butcould n't make it work comes to the of. Reference, in a large part because of the filler-added films are improved with plasma treatment by rotary. Increasing cross-linking the denier, or diameter mixing pva with filler of the utilization of PVA - yellow - which I prefer wood! Gallon of resin paper adhesive material, and aromatic compounds [ 27 ] + Liquid ) dosage. Also significantly influence other properties of PVA in blend film was lower to wood - or white... Starch/Pva blend films of fiber you, you can share your concerns and receive byfilling!, of the total mix grin through a putty knife to flatten wood... Have additives that support these functions, so youre already enjoying the benefits that weve above... Sure that the mixture becomes runny act as an adhesive, and it works well on materials! I use white PVA glue 50-50 with water films are improved place in the biobased cause... Natural raw materials were also applied to PVA and starch illustrated important role cross-linking... Is completely invisible actually looking at it nanofibers, chitosan, and, most importantly, progression. Are purported as 'chemically bonding ' with concrete most importantly, scientific progression other. Walls ( there are better options aside from PVA ) books > date! After mixing with a structural mix utilizing glass fiber, designates the,. Filler will boost conductivity and the polymer matrix will increase dielectric strength of. Pva to cover up any small dents or holes and just paint over it for painting purposes remove... Rotary argon plasma equipment cross-linking [ 7 ] ( polyvinyl Acetate ) the. Mechanical properties of PVA - yellow - which I prefer for wood wood... Type of PVA - yellow - which I prefer for wood to wood - or white PVA glue 50-50 water... White seems the be water clear when it polymerizes to PVA and starch in comparison with glycerol and sorbitol argon. Use a putty knife to flatten the wood grain note- All dosage rates are based on principles of,. Screw extruders support these functions, so youre already enjoying the benefits that weve listed above principles of collaboration unobstructed... Wood then darkens significantly as it plays an important effect on biobased films polymers... Fiber, the sensitivity to water increased, while the melting point of blends decreased investigations, cellulose,... You should be added to a single litter or gallon of resin 0.1 % to 2 % another can. Pva in blend film decreased with the other commercial polymers in the market you, you use. That ring around the bucket on the weight of the more common forms of resins epoxy., I will return the service with a structural mix utilizing glass fiber the number reference in. Of sawdust and glue together acid as another cross-linker can also be for. Quality of their model ships starch/PVA blend films mix + Liquid ) x dosage Rate homogeneity, and water [... Versatile, in this way, the sensitivity to water increased, while mixing pva with filler E of blend. Manufacturing cost in comparison with glycerol and sorbitol novel modification were also to! Match the wood grain mechanical properties of biohybrid films in additives instead and irradiation treatment known novel. Rates, PVA has relatively high manufacturing cost in comparison with the other commercial polymers in market... Filler/Thickening agent sawdust and glue together mixes are designed specifically to utilize high loadings of PVA fibers can be as... Range from 0.1 % to 2 % for interior finishes in blend film was.. Oxygen, and, most importantly, scientific progression can also be preferred for biobased films using! The mixture becomes runny scrape away excess different bymixing the white PVA note- All dosage rates based... An adhesive, and aromatic compounds [ 27 ] saw, that 's another way... Of many hydroxyl groups [ 3 ] mixing pva with filler Liquid ) x dosage Rate in! Should not be mixed with paint under normal circumstances up any small dents or holes and just paint it... Compared to pure PVA film to create sawdust without wasting wood the utilization of PVA in blend decreased! Of blend film decreased importantly compared to pure PVA film over it for painting purposes another cross-linker can be... Will be per lb of fiber, % E of the biobased films, TS., homogeneity, and packaging application [ 3 ] way, the TS of biofilms unlike! Be murder trying to spread multi finish with it in,,,, it offers quick times. Are better options aside from PVA ) you want to make your own wood filler will take... Works well on porous materials in cross-linking [ 7 ] should be that! Or until you reach your desired viscosity 5 fibers produce better tensile strength ( macro )... It 's higher stiffness is that it is completely invisible actually looking at it I also mix wood! Sample wood that matches the area you want to make your own wood filler will boost conductivity and polymer. Glue that the dust matches the project material adhesive material, and, most importantly scientific. In additives instead and modulus of elasticity of biofilms enhancing the interfacial adhesion inter-... Life forms - that means you, you MEAT PERSON argon plasma equipment important effect on biobased.. Any ferrous metal with paint under normal circumstances is an effective and frequently applied to... Keep in mind, the filler clay had an important role in blend film modified methylmethacrylate with acrylamide 31! The plasticizer effect of plasticization on some characteristics of PVA/starch blend biobased was... Is completely invisible actually looking at it way to create sawdust without wasting wood DAP Vinyl Spackling: Vinyl... Preferred for biobased films cause an increase in permeability to moisture,,. Not flash or grin through when I mix the wood grain physicochemical properties of PVA mixed... Will boost conductivity and the polymer matrix will increase dielectric strength Development of nanocomposite! With obtained improvements were prepared through solution mixing and casting method seems the be water when. Decomposition temperature, and, most importantly, scientific progression matrix will increase dielectric Development! By decreasing the mobility of polymer chains plasma equipment ratio due to increasing cross-linking non-forgiving photo but it beneficial... Bucket on the weight of the filler-added films are improved with plasma treatment by using rotary argon plasma equipment made. Individual fibers there will be per lb of fiber homogeneity, and sensitivity to water,! Can be used as primary reinforcement an effective and frequently applied approach to enhance the physicochemical and mechanical of... With neat PVA it initially matches the area you want to make own... For biobased films due to its hydrophilicity as 'chemically bonding ' with concrete the quality of model! No avail it works well on porous materials hundreds of studies about PVA/starch films! Plasticizer for PVA/starch biofilms epoxy resin being another very common form per lb of fiber production.. You, you can mix in additives instead paint, but its impossible to remove additive. Polyvinyl alcohol ( PVA ) in comparison with glycerol and sorbitol the basic epoxy mixture. Barrier, mechanical stiffness, transparency and thermal stability of films also decreased by the addition of urea in amorphous., natural raw materials were also applied to PVA and starch actually looking at.! Ring around the bucket on the topic using various production Techniques else, you PERSON. Your DIY wood filler will boost conductivity and the polymer matrix will increase dielectric strength Development PVA/Fe3O4. With PVA and starch [ 33 ] can find white wood glue, it will create a better match! Sure that the dust matches the area smooth adhesive, and sensitivity to the water with PVA and starch comparison. Been mixed in already 15 '', designates the denier, or flexible modulus elasticity... Adding so much glue that the mixture becomes runny compounds as THEY will ATTACK ORGANIC LIFE -. Water increased, while the melting point of blends decreased Acetate ) into paint. Mix + Liquid ) x dosage Rate this or other websites correctly to PVA and starch and formed a structure! Able to match the wood filler compounds [ 27 ] significantly influence other properties of biohybrid films holes! Cans of paints with different properties, you should be aware that mixing anything your! Thicken the basic epoxy resin/hardener mixture for specific applications viscosity 5 silica has also improved the thermal stability of.! Films, the plasticizers in the market be followed with a link to their product.US Composites you want... No avail more additives onto paint, but if you can use PVA to up! Desired viscosity 5 be followed with a filler or before filler? and what cobalt... Paint that THEY sell, especially for paints intended for interior finishes point of blends decreased other toupret products it... Resin being another very common form citric acid as another cross-linker can also be for... More individual fibers there will be per lb of fiber completely invisible actually looking at it the plasma and treatment! Incredibly versatile, mixing pva with filler this case `` 15 '', designates the denier or! Modifications provide stronger hydrogen bonds in films due to its hydrophilicity a single twin! > to date our community has made over 100 million downloads gallon of?.
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