japanese invasion of dutch new guinea

67 (Japanese Warships and Merchant Vessels Sunk, Damaged or not Previously Listed); No. During the second phase, lasting from late 1942 until the Japanese surrender, the Alliesconsisting primarily of Australian forcescleared the Japanese first from Papua, then the Mandate and finally from the Dutch colony. Opposition on the ground at Hollandia was negligible and within four days the two divisions had secured inland Japanese airfields. They were numerical inventories under 17 principal categories of documents considered to be of probable or general value. On 5 March, Imperial General Headquarters by Navy . [34][35] During the same period, American air and naval forces sank many of the Japanese ships which were attempting to transport reinforcements to the Hollandia and Wewak areas; these attacks were guided by intelligence gained from breaking the Japanese codes. Urgent information was extracted before rushing the documents on to the Advanced Echelon where they were sorted, stamped, examined, and translated as necessary. Task Force 74, under British Rear Admiral Victor Crutchley, consisted of the cruisers HMAS Australia and Shropshire plus several destroyers, while Task Force 75 was made up of three U.S. cruisers, Phoenix, Nashville and Boise under Rear Admiral Russell Berkey. Two major moves were planned for the end of June: Eventually, the Joint Chiefs of Staff realized that a landing and siege of "Fortress Rabaul" would be far too costly, and that the Allies' ultimate strategic purposes could be achieved by simply neutralizing and bypassing it. Pre-War New Guinea The Japanese Invasion The Turning Point The Long Allied Advance 1943 1944 The New Guinea campaign (January 1942-September 1945) was one of the longest campaigns of the Second World War. This discovery resulted in a hurried revision of the assault plans regarding these islands. The U.S. built Naval Base Morotai, . When Japanese Americans on the West Coast were moved into internment camps in the late spring of 1942, the school moved to temporary quarters at Camp Savage, Minnesota. In addition, their bomb bays were filled with 500-pound bombs to be used in the newly devised practice of skip bombing. Consequently, Japanese efforts to develop the area were delayed throughout 1943 and 1944. One company landed on White 2 and secured Cape Tjeweri, after which a group of 18 LVTs crossed the sandspit to land two more companies near Pim inside Jautefa Bay. By 1944 there were over 200 translators serving with JICPOA. This material was translated by ATIS in May 1945 and provided Allied naval commanders with immediate intelligence regarding a variety of topics. [43], The remaining destroyers with about 2,700 surviving troops limped back to Rabaul. Often, they consisted of combined translations of several documents relating to the same subject, such as (No. Consequently, the volume of documents captured was very small, and was largely confined to those of a personal nature which individuals were apt to carry upon their persons. With the occupation of Morotai, the long drive up the New Guinea coast was strategically completed. Although one line of attack was carried out primarily by ground forces and the other by naval forces, the main feature of both undertakings was the close coordination of land, sea, and air power. This was the so-called Z Operation document which gave the Japanese air and naval plan of defense against Allied attacks on their South Pacific possessions, giving their solutions for the defense against Allied attacks in three sectors of the South Pacific. In March 1944, plans were developed for ATIS to be located in closer proximity to combat operations. The information contained in these reports were bibliographically indexed. This information was transferred to a G-2 overlay and became a factor in the tactics adopted in that particular operation. Combined Fleet, Third Fleet and Southeast Area Commanders. Current Translation No. The PTs turned their guns on, and hurled depth charges at the three boats which, with over a hundred men on board, sank. Advancing on Australia The Japanese effort at the start of World War Two was focused on conquest. To assist researchers interested in World War II-era research regarding the Pacific and Far East, I prepared a 1,700-page finding aid entitled Japanese War Crimes and Related Records: A Guide to Records in the National Archives,which is searchable and available online. The campaign resulted in a crushing defeat and heavy losses for the Empire of Japan. US troops man Anti Aircraft MG in New Guinea 1942. The first appeared on October 19, 1944, and as of September 1, 1945, eight had been completed and published. [15] Under a memorandum of August 27, 1945, CIC was ordered to cease its investigation of wartime collaborators in the Philippines on September 2nd and turn over all records, together with over 5,000 interned Filipinos charged with treason, collaboration and subversive activities, to the Department of Justice of the Philippine Commonwealth Government. It was a grisly task, but a military necessity since Japanese soldiers do not surrender and within swimming distance of shore, they could not be allowed to land and join the Lae garrison. [18] A large number of Japanese aircraft were stationed at airfields near Hollandia in March 1944. This deception effort proved successful. [47], I-Go demonstrated that the Japanese command was not learning the lessons of air power that the Allies were. U.S. Army Air Forces, Pacific Ocean Area (except the B-29s) were placed under Lieut. 37, No. By the time the Allied bombers and PT boats finished their work on 3 March, Kimura had lost all eight transports and four of his eight destroyers. The westernmost island of this group, Goodenough, had been occupied in August 1942 by 353 stranded troops from bombed Japanese landing craft. [40], The 41st Division was to stage from Cape Cretin, while the 24th would depart from Goodenough Island. Furthermore, the Milne Bay affair demonstrated once again that an amphibious assault without air protection, and with an assault force inferior to that of the defenders, could not succeed. formId: "13b57390-1d3c-43b8-b8c2-4570bb51abe4", The brief spurt of books in 1943 and 1944, when Japanese were able to visit the occupied Dutch East Indies, dealt mainly with Dutch New Guinea, and then only in a very rudimentary way. [1] All of the various organizations widely disseminated the information contained in the captured records. [11] For the same reasons, General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Commander Allied Forces South West Pacific Area was determined to hold it. The diary covered the period January 1942-January 1944. He told soldiers that ATIS personnel had told him that they had seen Japanese . Captured and sunken Japanese ships and boats also provided large quantities of documents, many of immediate value. He did successfully conduct the Western New Guinea campaign in 1944 which liberated much of Dutch New Guinea. Before June, between 20 and 25 P-39s had been lost in air combat, while three more had been destroyed on the ground and eight had been destroyed in landings by accident. "[19] Thus was the overland threat to Port Moresby permanently removed. The majority of the Allied force was provided by the United States, with the bulk of two United States Army infantry divisions being committed on the ground. First, they had woefully underestimated the strength of the Allied air forces. Between the mountain ridge and the lake was a narrow plain where the Japanese had built a number of airfields; three had been constructed by April 1944 and a fourth was under construction. This document provided a complete list of approximately 40,000 Japanese Army officers together with their assignments. Document numbers and a brief description including authority, title, date, area of reference and similar essential data were set forth under seventeen headings, such as 1) Diaries, Field; 5) Letters, Postcards; and 16) Technical Documents. 9, Japanese-English Medical Dictionary; No. The admirals preferred to bypass the Philippines and take Formosa, which was much closer to Japan. Some of the research reports dealt with military and naval matters, such as No. For the military souveniring problem that first began at Guadalcanal see The Marines and Japanese Souvenirs on Guadalcanal August-October 1942., [11] See From Rabaul to Stack 190: The Travels of a Famous Japanese Army Publication.. ATIS received and translated in April 1944 the diary of prisoner of war Hiroshi Horikoshi, a civilian employee (interpreter) with the Japanese 14th Army, who was captured at the same time. Australian ground units operated under Gen. Thomas Blarney, commander of the Allied Land Forces SWPA, while Air Vice-Marshal William D. Bostock commanded Australian air units assigned to the Allied Air Forces. Base ATIS received a document in March 1945 giving a complete record of the Japanese monitoring of Allied radio communications in the Philippine Islands during the period from October 1942 to December 1943. This bombardment was augmented with air strikes from carrier-borne aircraft, while two destroyer-minesweepers, Long and Hogan, swept the bay ahead of the main landing force. The other landing would be made at Humboldt Bay by two RCTs (the 162nd and 186th) of the 41st Division. First, with completion of the reduction of Rabaul, the South Pacific Area was closed as an active theatre, and Halsey left to take command of the U.S. 3rd Fleet. [6], The struggle for New Guinea began with the capture by the Japanese of the city of Rabaul at the northeastern tip of New Britain Island in January 1942 (the Allies responded with multiple bombing raids, of which the action off Bougainville was one). ", John Vader, New Guinea: The Tide Is Stemmed, p. 93, The Australian 7th Division under the command of Major General George Alan Vasey, along with the revitalized US 32nd Division, restarted the Allied offensive. Through this, a complete picture of the organization, strength and disposition of this force was gleaned. JICPOA personnel also served, beginning in January 1945, at the Advance Intelligence Center (AIC), established at the CINCPAC Advance Headquarters at Guam. The loss of Hollandia made the Japanese strategic defense line at Wakde, to the west, and all Japanese positions to the east untenable. The story of the capture and return of the Z documents is detailed in Appendix II. After the Battle of the Bismarck Sea, in March 1943, an abandoned lifeboat at Goodenough Island (northeast of New Guinea) from the Teiyo Maru was recovered and found in it was The Japanese Army List, dated October 15, 1942. Japans strategy in the Pacific and Southeast Asia, The Allied offensive in the Pacific, 1944, Casualties and the material cost of the Pacific War. [13], Due north of Port Moresby, on the northeast coast of Papua, are the Huon Gulf and the Huon Peninsula. For this, he ordered the air arm of Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa's Third Fleet carriers to reinforce the Eleventh Air Fleet at Rabaul. Their scheme of conquest envisaged control of the Aleutians, Midway, Fiji and Samoa, New Britain, eastern New Guinea, points in the [2] White 1 would be the main landing, as it provided the only spot where the larger LSTs could land, while White 2 would be secured with smaller LVTs and DUKWs, which would be used to cross the shallow entrance to Jautefa Bay. Japanese expansion in East Asia began in 1931 with the invasion of Manchuria and continued in 1937 with a brutal attack on China. Instances were noted of officers completely out of their depth, of men eating meals when they should have been on the firing line, even of cowardice. Base ATIS was closed at Brisbane on June 4, 1945, and established several weeks later in Manila. Also that summer, the 441st CIC unit established a clinical laboratory, which, among other things, restored charred documents. The umbrella term for the series of strategic actions taken by the Allies to reduce and capture the vast Japanese naval and air facilities at Rabaul was Operation Cartwheel. [23] The Australian and American anti-aircraft gunners of the Composite Anti-Aircraft Defences played a crucial part. In July 1944, incidental to the disclosure in ATIS documents and interrogations that a number of war crimes had been committed against Allied prisoners and non-combatants in the SWPA, the War Crimes Investigation Board was established under the Commanding General, US Army Forces Far East (USAFFE). The westernmost tip of New Guinea fell into Allied hands in the same month when elements of the U.S. 6th Infantry Division occupied the Sansapor-Mar area of Vogelkop Peninsula. This information and the examination of shattered emplacements by engineers enabled marine and navy experts to construct in Hawaii exact copies of the Japanese pillboxes on Tarawa and then find the best way to destroy them. The Japanese entered Lae and Salamaua, two locations on Huon Gulf, on 8 March 1942 unopposed. He was succeeded in September 1942, by Capt. The Americans landed at Hollandia and Aitape simultaneously on 22 April with the aim of bypassing the Japanese stronghold at Wewak and thus leaving the Japanese 18th Army isolated and cut off there. [15], The port and airfields were the base for units of the Japanese 2nd Army (General Fusatar Teshima) and the 6th Air Division of the 4th Air Army. 6, The Exploitation of Japanese Documents (December 14, 1944); No. Base G played an important role as a staging area for subsequent operations in New Guinea and the Philippines. Origins. The Dutch East Indies fell into Japan's sphere. [51] Eight waves landed at White 1 after two LCIs fired rockets at the high ground overlooking the beach where several Japanese antiaircraft guns were located. According to Morison, "the Japanese retreat down the Kokoda Trail had turned into a rout. Interestingly enough, among these records was a complete listing of the Japanese Imperial Army Ordnance Inventory. Free shipping for many products! This document was used as a measuring standard for Japanese military activities on Luzon. [12] General Headquarters South West Pacific Area Operational Instruction No.7 of 25 May 1942, issued by Commander-Allied-Forces, General Douglas MacArthur, placed all Australian and US Army, Air Force and Navy Forces in the Port Moresby Area under the control of New Guinea Force. In the final days of March, the Fast Carrier Force (Task Force 58) attacked Japanese airbases on Palau and islands in the Carolines. An A B and C priority system was established; with A being documents of operational value; B being documents of probable or general value; and, C being documents containing information of no apparent value. In March General Hatazo Adachi, the commander of the Japanese 18th Army, was ordered by the Second Area Army to withdraw his forces west from the Madang-Hansa Bay area to Hollandia, with one division to be dispatched there immediately. [5], According to John Laffin, the campaign "was arguably the most arduous fought by any Allied troops during World War II". The New Guinea campaign of the Pacific War lasted from January 1942 until the end of the war in August 1945. Background. The town itself was on the shore of Humboldt Bay, with a first-class anchorage. Many were translations from the Dutch language, or dealt with forestry, the climate, insects, etc. The plane in which Koga was flying crashed at sea, with no survivors. When the Allied forces began to advance, more documents were captured and a much higher proportion was official. This was done to fool the Japanese into believing that the documents had not been discovered by the Allies. A Japanese carrier pigeon landed on a US transport on the way to Kwajalen Atoll in the Marianas. Landings were made at two points in the Hollandia area on April 22, 1944, with the U.S. 24th Infantry Division moving ashore at Tanahmerah Bay and the 41st Infantry Division pushing inland at Humboldt Bay, 25 miles (40 km) to the east. The purpose of these campaigns was to safeguard the oil, rubber and other raw materials the Japanese needed. For example, in the fall of 1944, Task Force Galahad, commanded by Brig. [21], Although RAAF PBY Catalinas and Lockheed Hudsons were based at Port Moresby, because of the Japanese air attacks, long-range bombers like B-17s, B-25s, and B-26s could not be safely based there and were instead staged through from bases in Australia. Later, the procedure was altered again to cope with the tons of documents captured at main Japanese bases. American infantry march out of camp to board their transports for the amphibious invasion of Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea, 16 April 1944. Over 170 were published, including many extracts from diaries and notebooks. Wrecked Japanese planes litter Hollandia field, largely the victims of USAAF attacks earlier in the month (80-G-325109). [45], At Tanahmerah Bay, after a naval bombardment from the three Australian cruisers commencing around 06:00, the two RCTs from the 24th Division disembarked from the four U.S. and Australian transports Henry T. Allen, Carter Hall, Kanimbla and Manoora and moved ashore aboard 16 LCIs. The timely publication of 18 of these reports afforded a wealth of information preparatory to the invasion. At 177 planes, this was the largest Japanese air attack since Pearl Harbor. Todays post is by Dr. Greg Bradsher, Senior Archivist at the National Archives at College Park, Maryland. Most important of all, the bombers of MacArthur's air forces, under the command of Lieutenant General George C. Kenney, had been modified to enable new offensive tactics. By 26 April, U.S. troops secured the two eastern airfields, and later that day linked up with forces advancing from the 24th Division advancing from Tanahmerah Bay. [43][44] Meanwhile, carrier-borne aircraft attacked targets around Wakde, Sarmi and Hollandia from 21 April, destroying at least 33 Japanese planes in the air and more on the ground. "[32], "Also formidable was the tenacity of the enemy, who would fight to the death in these stinking holes, starving, diseased and with their dead rotting and unburied beside them. The Joint Intelligence Center, Pacific Ocean Areas (JICPOA), had its origins in the Intelligence Center, Pacific Ocean Areas (ICPOA) which had been established on July 14, 1942 in Hawaii as Admiral Chester W. Nimitz intelligence center. A map, also captured on March 21st, and quickly translated, proved to be more accurate than maps possessed by the attacking forces. Late in the summer, Lieut. The submarine picked up the documents on May 11th and sailed to Darwin. The Navy played a crucial role in operations to take Japanese airfields. The fires around White 1 continued until 27 April when the engineers were released to return to the beach. [13] See Seventy Years Ago: Colonel Sidney F. Mashbir and the Allied Translator and Interpreter Section (ATIS), September-October 1942.. It would commit all the remaining Japanese naval power to one last major battle with the Allies. Hollandia was a port on the north coast of New Guinea, part of the Dutch East Indies, and was the only anchorage between Wewak to the east, and Geelvink Bay to the west. the strategic base on New Britain (now part of Papua New Guinea), on January 23, 1942. 4, Bibliographic Index used for all ATIS publications; No. In May 1943, external requests for information available from ATIS sources led to the development of Information Request Reports published only in answer to specific requests for information. The sinking of over 25,000 tones of Japanese ships earned the unit the nickname . Due to USAAF doctrine and a lack of long-range escorts, long-range bomber raids on targets like Rabaul went in unescorted and suffered heavy losses, prompting severe criticism of Lieutenant General George Brett by war correspondents for misusing his forces. [17], After this failure, the Japanese decided on a longer term, two-pronged assault for their next attempt on Port Moresby. In mid-July 1944, near Moemi, soldiers recovered three cases of buried records, including seven important documents that a Japanese deserter had led them to. More than 6,000 graduates served throughout the Pacific Theater during the war and the subsequent occupation of Japan. [8] ICPOAs first officer in charge was Cmdr. In November 1944 the 6th Australian Division relieved the last U.S. Army units in the Aitape area and launched a drive down the coast toward Wewak, finally taking it on May 10, 1945. The Battle of Hollandia (code-named Operation Reckless) was an engagement between Allies of World War II and Japanese forces during World War II. They arrived off Hollandia during the night of 21/22 April and about 20 miles (32km) offshore, the convoy split again with the Central Attack Group preceding for Humboldt Bay while the Western Attack Group turned towards Tanahmerah Bay. Interestingly, one of the Japanese operational orders provided the instructions Utmost precautions will be taken to conceal the plan., In mid-March agents of the 40th CIC Detachment captured on Panay Island and Negros Island incriminating documents of Panays puppet governor. [47], As a result of the terrain difficulties, Tanahmerah Bay was quickly written off as a landing site; while the infantry already ashore pressed on to the Sentani plain the remainder of the 24th Division was diverted to Humboldt Bay, which had by this time been secured. An airfield had been built there during an area gold rush in the 1920s and 1930s. Nowhere in the modern world has an armed liberation struggle persisted for so long - nearly 30 years - and with such secrecy, as the West Papuan war of resistance against the military government of Indonesia. [59], Operation Reckless was an unqualified success, as were the landings around Aitape under the guise of Operation Persecution. [20], I Corps under Lieutenant General Robert Eichelberger provided most of the ground forces for the combined Operations Reckless and Persecution. Also produced were ATIS Publications. Full translations of captured enemy publications such as field manuals, technical manuals, and intelligence reports, were published as Enemy Publications. [11] This document was quickly translated and published as ATIS Publication No. In early April 1943, a Japanese map was captured showing hidden positions of 87 barges at Labu, New Guinea. 2 in May 1943. He had planned to move first to Hansa Bay, but with airfields operational in the Admiralty Islands, the Hansa Bay assault was deemed unnecessary. Dutch Indies Japan Nava Occupation Sulawesi GORONTALO with orange disc (2X) $3.25 . The situation was not fully resolved until 3 May when transport aircraft began landing on an airstrip that was hastily built by an engineer aviation battalion at Tami. Limited Distribution Reports were special reports, highly classified, consisting of translations of documents possessing information of the highest intelligence value or of immediate importance, issued from time to time as directed. [14] Some sources indicate the figure was 50 tons. In the early months of 1944, both at Bougainville and at Rabaul, large numbers of Japanese troops were effectively put out of action without being confronted in bloody combat. 2, Alphabetical List of 40,000 Japanese Army Officer (May 1943); No. Operation Reckless, the invasion of Hollandia and Aitape of 22-27 April 1944, was one of the most dramatic leapfrogging operations during the New Guinea campaign, and saw American forces bypass the strong Japanese bases at Wewak and Hansa Bay and capture key bases for MacArthur's planned return to the Philippines. [citation needed]. It began with the easy Japanese conquest of most of the north coast of the massive island. [30][31] The decision to undertake these operations simultaneously stretched Allied shipping and logistics resources, and necessitated reallocating resources from other theaters and roles. The document having been translated immediately after capture on Biak, formed the basis of order-of-battle information for the task force attacking that island. During the so-called atoll campaign in the Pacific, US Navy, Marine Corps, and Army personnel captured many valuable documents on various islands. As a result, a system of thorough Screening, i.e., the rapid examination of documents and the extraction (partial translations) therefrom of the more important material only, was given added prominence. US radio crew sets up communications center just after landing on Hollandia 1944. [52], Seven LSTs and the Australian transport Westralia were unloaded over the shore at White 1, landing 4,200 tonnes of combat supplies and over 300 vehicles on the first day. 76, Part 4, Prominent Factors in Japanese Military Psychology.. German New Guinea Stamps, Dutch Dutch & Colonies Cover Stamps, Dutch Stamps, 72 (formerly ATIS Information Bulletin No. It is important to note that all ATIS units maintained close relations with the CIC units and Australian Army Field Security Service, since these units were largely responsible for the collection and dispatch of captured documents in forward areas to the language personnel stationed with tactical units. [56] On the other hand, the Allied operation had been over-insured; concerns over the strength of the Japanese garrison had left the Allies with a four to one advantage in the event. On September 6, 1943, ICPOA was designated a joint Army-Navy-Marine organization by a CINCPAC directive and was given the name Joint Intelligence Center, Pacific Ocean Areas (JICPOA). As this would lead to gap in air cover between the departure of the carriers and airfields at Hollandia becoming operational, it was decided to make another landing at Aitape which had an airfield that it was believed could be rapidly brought into service; this was later designated Operation Persecution. Except for some fairly heavy air raids, the Japanese reacted feebly to this penetration of their last defenses before the Philippines. Their noses had been refitted with eight 50-caliber machine guns for strafing slow-moving ships on the high seas. [38], General Imamura and his naval counterpart at Rabaul, Admiral Jinichi Kusaka, commander Southeast Area Fleet, resolved to reinforce their ground forces at Lae for one final all-out attempt against Wau. While captured records were quickly evaluated in the field, almost all were eventually sent back to Hawaii, and some of those on to the Washington Document Center in Washington, D.C.[12] Although JICPOA was a major player in the captured documents intelligence business, it was ATIS, however, during the war years that handled the most documents. US troops and vehicles along the invasion beach at Korako. The destroyer Yayoi, sent to recover these men, was itself bombed and sunk on 11 September. Beleaguered, the survivors of the Japanese garrison were evacuated by submarine on the night of 26 October. In the second half of 1943 the main Allied concern in the south Pacific was the major Japanese base at . Japanese plans to occupy Port Moresby were negated by losses during the Battle of the Coral Sea and Battle of Milne Bay. The quantity and type of documents captured from the Japanese varied widely. [4][32] The shortage of shipping meant that each ship had to be loaded as efficiently as possible, using a technique known as combat loading to ensure that the most important stores and equipment could be unloaded quickly. graduate Hollandia. A complete list of the names of all officers and noncommissioned officers of the Japanese 222nd Infantry Regiment was captured on May 28, 1944. In November 1943, during Operation Galvanic, marines of the 2nd Marine Division captured important documents at Tarawa Atoll (Betio). The Japanese occupied the village with an initial force of 1,500 on 21 July and by 22 August had 11,430 men under arms at Buna. ATIS also published a how-to handbook on conservation treatment of captured records and produced a Document Restoration Kit for units in the field. The Allied victories in 1943 set the stage for the strategic advances of 1944, but they did not determine the exact lines of attack. 99-108 (Japanese Place Names-Philippines). The Japanese also seized the key oil production zones of Borneo, Central Java, Malang, Cepu, Sumatra, and Dutch New Guinea of the late Dutch East Indies, defeating the Dutch forces. Japanese forces to the west were reconfigured to form a defense line through Biak and Manokwari,[62] while the Japanese 18th Army, still in defensive positions around Wewak, to the east, were faced with a long retreat west through the jungle having been ordered to bypass Hollandia and Aitape and reinforce the 2nd Army in western New Guinea. RAAF radar could not provide sufficient warning of Japanese attacks, so reliance was placed on coastwatchers and spotters in the hills until an American radar unit arrived in September with better equipment. Among this cache were code books and a list of Japanese and German agents in the United States. August 1945 had turned into a rout naval power to one last Battle... 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Was an unqualified success, as were the landings around Aitape under the guise of Operation Persecution graduates throughout! 40 ], I Corps under Lieutenant General Robert Eichelberger provided most of the research reports with! Betio ) ) were placed under Lieut intelligence regarding a variety of topics 2,700 surviving troops limped back Rabaul! At sea, with a first-class anchorage 1944, plans were developed for ATIS to be used in month. Fires around White 1 continued until 27 April when the Allied air forces that island or General value transport the... Done to fool the Japanese varied widely japanese invasion of dutch new guinea, with a brutal attack on China been discovered the... Provided large quantities of documents captured from the Dutch language, or dealt with forestry, the Japanese entered and... In addition, their bomb bays were filled with 500-pound bombs to of. Rubber and other raw materials the Japanese command was not learning the lessons air! Many extracts from diaries and notebooks the timely publication of 18 of these reports a! Japanese planes litter Hollandia field, largely the victims of USAAF attacks earlier in the tactics adopted in particular. Campaign of the various organizations widely disseminated the information contained in these reports were bibliographically indexed factor the. For example, in the newly devised japanese invasion of dutch new guinea of skip bombing 20 ], the Exploitation of documents...
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