labor systems in the byzantine empire

Not in 2020 they're not. Since Byzantium was in a constant state of warfare with her neighbours (even if only by raiding) the military required weapons to be manufactured by the bigger cities (such as Thessaloniki) whilst the smaller towns were subject to grain, wine and even biscuit requisitions by Imperial officers. Let's read this passage written by Byzantine scholar Robert Browning: Since the days of Diocletian and Constantine, at the turn of the third and fourth centuries, rigid separation of civil and military authority had been the rule. People living under the early Byzantine Empire saw themselves as Romans, but the culture of the empire changed over the centuries. Women also had the right to inherit and often had independent wealth, which was frequently in the form of a dowry. The Byzantine Empire, also called Byzantium, was the eastern half of the Roman Empire that continued on after the western half of the empire collapsed. The Roman formula of combating fortune with reason and therewith ensuring unity throughout the Mediterranean world worked surprisingly well in view of the pressures for disunity that time was to multiply. Map of eastern-western allegiances in 1054 with former country borders. If he hadn't Rome would have fallen. Weren't there army leaders in each Theme to control everything? The Byzantine Empire influenced many cultures, primarily due to its role in shaping Christian Orthodoxy. The Byzantine Empire was founded by Constantinople in 330 AD and dissolved in 1453. Roman law was made more consistent and clear in the "Code of Justinian.". The capital city of Congo was once Leopoldville, and was renamed Kinshasa. She instituted policies prohibiting prostitution, creating convents, and instituting harsh punishments for rape and other forms of violence against women. [7] By the beginning of the 14th century, the Macedonian countryside was made up of an almost unbroken network of estates that had replaced the former network of communes. In view of the ensuing warfare, the widespread incidence of disease, and the rapid turnover among the occupants of the imperial throne, it would be easy to assume that little was left of either the traditional fabric of Greco-Roman society or the bureaucratic structure designed to support it. The United Kingdom: Taking inspiration from the Chinese, the British developed a bureaucratic government system. answer choices. Eunuchs, men who had been castrated, were also an important part of Byzantine society. Ceramics, linen, and woven cloth were also items of trade. Byzantine emigrants also brought to western Europe the better preserved and accumulated knowledge of their own Greek civilization. Study Resources. A large domed building with multiple towers. The Roman Empire, the ancestor of the Byzantine, remarkably blended unity and diversity, the former being by far the better known, since its constituents were the predominant features of Roman civilization. Eastern Roman Empire lasted because it kept the peace. Direct link to makayla.smith2's post During the 15th century, , Posted 3 years ago. There was Judaism. Women were seen by the church as spiritually equal to their male counterparts, and they played roles in convents. Direct link to David Alexander's post Read about it here: https, Posted 3 years ago. He also started putting less gold in coins so he could mint more of them, enabling him to pay more soldiers. It is recorded that the first synagogue was built in 318 in the town of Halkopratia, where many Jews worked as coppersmiths. The Byzantine government and military had been restructured, and the culture of the empire changed, too. Modern historians agree with them only in part. Byzantine architecture, particularly in religious buildings, can be found in diverse regions from Egypt to Russia. Before the Roman fell. Direct link to paulsonkay's post Why do some people say th, Posted 5 years ago. The exact amount of annual income the Byzantine government received, is a matter of considerable debate, due to the scantness and ambiguous nature of the primary sources. THANKS! 600 - 1450 Regional and interregional interactions, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire#Rise_of_the_Ottomans_and_fall_of_Constantinople. [38] Under the Komnenian emperors, many exemptions of trade duties were given to the Italian traders, which meant the loss of about 50,000 hyperpyra annually. Constantinople was renamed Istanbul when the Ottomans under Mehmed II captured it. the sale of silk) or whose members exercised a profession that was of importance for trade. We'll also examine some of the changes that occurred, transforming the Eastern Roman Empire into the Byzantine Empire. At what point did the Byzantine empire become Istanbul? International trade was practiced not only in Constantinople, which was until the late 12th century an important center of the eastern luxury trade, but also in other cities that functioned as centers of inter-regional and international trade, such as Thessaloniki and Trebizond. [34] The expense of Manuel's involvement in Italy must have cost the treasury a great deal (probably more than 2,160,000 hyperpyra or 30,000 pounds of gold). [27] The travelers who visited its capital were impressed by the wealth accumulated in Constantinople; riches that also served the state's diplomatic purposes as a means of propaganda, and a way to impress foreigners as well its own citizens. Trade in slaves is attested, both on behalf of the state, and, possibly, by private individuals. What other religions beside Christianity were practiced in Constantinople? But the progressive impoverishment of the peasantry, entailed the decline of a certain aggregate demand, and resulted in a concentration of resources in the hands of large landowners, who must have had considerable surpluses. Even after Justinians efforts to reunify the Byzantine Empire, reconquer territory, and institute reforms, the stability of the Byzantine Empire was at risk. Instead sending they send mindless crusades ultimately sacking Rome (Constantinople) itself! Some of them were slaves and some were wage laborers; references to wage laborers occur continuously from the 7th century to the end of the Byzantine period. On her right side stands emperor Justinian I, offering a model of the Hagia Sophia. Direct link to Pi is the best's post In the article, the autho, Posted 6 years ago. [25] After Theophilos' death his wife Theodora II continued his successful policies and even increased the imperial reserves to 7,848,000 nomismata. Hagia Sophia is built anew in Constantinople. Areas of the Byzantine Empire ; Japan ; India ; How Did the Manor System Work? That something might be defined as the Greco-Roman civic tradition in the widest sense of its institutional, intellectual, and emotional implications. In New Mexico, the encomienda system granted elite Spanish settlers far greater rights in the labor of Pueblo villagers, but the Pueblos retained crucial legal rights. The Western provinces had only lately entered upon their own course of urban development under the not-always-tender ministrations of their Roman masters. [15] These estimates can be compared to the AD 150 annual revenue of 14,500,000 solidi and the AD 215 of 22,000,000 solidi. During those same centuries, nonetheless, there were changes so profound in their cumulative effect that after the 7th century state and society in the East differed markedly from their earlier forms. Also, soldiers had a personal stake in the land since it was their own. From 4th to end of 6th century the eastern part of Roman Empire had demographic, economic and agricultural expansion. (Some separate churches existed in Africa and Central Asia, but there was still only one church that encompassed Western Europe, Greece and those parts of Turkey, Syria and Lebanon near to each other.) In the article, the author mentions "disagreements over the the source of the Holy Spirit, whether leavened or unleavened bread should be used in the Eucharist, and the Bishop of Rome's claim to universal jurisdiction." One of the economic foundations of the empire was trade. [41] When Isaac II Angelos became Emperor in 1185, a mob broke into the palace and carried off 1,200 pounds of gold, 3,000 pounds of silver, and 20,000 pounds of bronze coins. . Emperor Justinian also built upon Roman ideas when he put forth a unified Roman legal code. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. Lives of slaves were embedded in each spoonful of sugar stirred into cup of tea, each puff of a pipe and every bite of rice. Again the fanaticism of the Crusades opened the door for Islam to walk in. The loss of the empire's richest provinces, coupled with successive invasions, had reduced the imperial economy to a relatively impoverished state, compared to the resources available to the neighboring Arab Muslim empires. Direct link to David Alexander's post Yes, someone knows about , Posted 3 years ago. Expenses again soared, when a massive Muslim army invaded the empire in 806, forcing Nikephoros I to pay a ransom of 50,000 gold coins and a yearly tribute of 30,000 gold coins. Expert Help. The empire also lacked revenues and struggled to keep up with mounting military expenses. "The oldest synagogue remains in Turkey are dated to the 3rd century, and can be seen in Sardis, near Izmir. [18], From the 10th century, however, until the end of the twelfth, the Byzantine Empire projected an image of wealth and luxury. Women did have their own spaces, called. [43] The presence of the crusading army not only culminated in a violent sack that dispersed and destroyed the accumulated wealth, and culture of centuries, but was accompanied by a series of fires that ravaged the northern and central sections of the city resulting in a steady exodus of the city's residents to the Greek centers of government in exile. Walls that had held firm in the early Middle Ages against German, Hun, Avar, Slav, and Arab were breached finally by modern artillery, in the mysteries of which European technicians had instructed the most successful of the Central Asian invaders: the Ottoman Turks. Byzantium was a melting-pot society, characterized during its earlier centuries by a degree of social mobility that belies the stereotype, often applied to it, of an immobile caste-ridden society. The manor system was a sophisticated land management system that was hierarchal in structure. Modern historians use the term Byzantine Empire to distinguish the state from the western portion of the Roman Empire. Though the government organization had stayed very much the same since the time of the Romans, the Byzantine Empire began to transform in more drastic ways in the aftermath of these devastating wars. "The state of monarchy is the supremest thing upon earth; for kings are not only God's lieutenants upon earth, and sit upon God's throne, but even by God himself are called gods. [72] Alongside this "real"-value gold coinage, and a slightly overvalued silver coinage, there was also a bronze coinage of a fiduciary nature that made up the second specific feature of the monetary system. Direct link to hi's post How did Holy Roman Empire, Posted 3 years ago. When Liutprand of Cremona was sent as an ambassador to the Byzantine capital in the 940s, he was overwhelmed by the imperial residence, the luxurious meals, and acrobatic entertainment. Map of the changes in the borders of the Byzantine Empire from 476 to 1400 CE. The Roman Empire in the east transformed into the Byzantine Empire over time, so it's pretty hard to neatly separate the histories of the two empires, but most scholars agree that Emperor Constantine's reign was the start of the Byzantine Empire. You can find the book at York University library in Canada. This fact diminished the prestige of the Byzantine Emperor. [44][45] The impoverished Latin emperors melted down statues for coin, while the Venetians exported their declining profits, along with choice relics and architecture spolia for their churches. The upper class included the local aristocrats (people who were very wealthy), state functionaries (government officials), senior military officers, and large landowners. [] Territories still under Byzantine control were formed into military districts under the command of a strategos (army leader), who was responsible for all aspects of government, civil and military. The circumstances of the last defense are suggestive too, for in 1453 the ancient, medieval, and modern worlds seemed briefly to meet. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. [6] From the 10th century on, large estates assumed the leading role that had been held until then by villages, albeit in an economy that was henceforth orientated toward demand, with monetary exchanges taking a larger share. After Justinian I the manufacturing and sale of silk had become an imperial monopoly, only processed in imperial factories, and sold to authorized buyers. These territories split among small Greek and Latin states, lost much of the cohesion they may have had: the Byzantine state could not function as a unifying force, and, in the 13th century, there was very little to replace it. In the period 900 to 1500 C.E., the Ottomans and the Aztecs were similar in that both peoples were. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. In 330 A.D., the first Christian ruler of the Roman empire, Constantine the Great (r. 306-337) (), transferred the ancient imperial capital from Rome to the city of Byzantion located on the easternmost territory of the European continent, at a major intersection of east-west trade.The emperor renamed this ancient port city Constantinople ("the city of Constantine") in his own honor . During the 15th century, what were some of the undergoing transformations that they survived through? Direct link to Brian da Silva's post You should take a look at, Posted 3 years ago. It became one of the leading civilizations in the world before falling to an Ottoman Turkish onslaught in the 15th century. The state retained the monopoly of issuing coinage, and had the power to intervene in other important sectors of the economy. In this article, we're going to look at some of the continuities between the Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire. Profits from slave trade and slave labor laid the economic foundation on Western Europe and Americas. All this changed with the arrival of the Fourth Crusade, which was an economic catastrophe. The Byzantine population size at the time is estimated to have been between 12 and 18 million. Under some emperors, pagans were ordered to attend church and be baptized, and Jews and Samaritans were barred from receiving dowries or inheritances unless they converted. In Constantinople, the. Since Emperor Heraclius changed the empire's official language from Latin to Greek in around 620,[citation needed] the solidus (plural: solidi) would thereafter be known by its Greek name, the nomisma (plural: nomismata).[22]. Approximately 1,400,000 nomismata went to the payroll of the army annually while other military costs took another 800,000 nomismata annually. He clearly became deeply involved in the religious controversies of the age and he favored Christians in the employ of the state. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Instead of separate civil and military bodies, army leaders controlled civil affairs. The derivation from Byzantium is suggestive in that it emphasizes a central aspect of Byzantine civilization: the degree to which the empires administrative and intellectual life found a focus at Constantinople from 330 to 1453, the year of the citys last and unsuccessful defense under the 11th (or 12th) Constantine. Prior to his reign, Roman laws had differed from region to region and many contradicted one another. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Nevertheless, the Emperor and his government were not always capable of conducting a monetary policy in the modern meaning of the term. Now that no region of the empire was safe from attack, something different was needed. Finally, 1054 CE saw the. During the Byzantine Renaissancefrom 867 to 1056art and literature flourished. The previous system of provinces was a civil administration, but the theme system fused civil administration with military administration. The sack of Constantinople by Latin crusaders in 1204 was an economic catastrophe. , Posted 3 years ago. [62], Coinage was the basic form of money in Byzantium, although credit existed: archival documents indicate that both banking and bankers were not as primitive as has sometimes been implied. "The o, Posted 5 years ago. In particular, the Greek language became more and more important in the East relative to Latin. The Byzantine Empire in 750, divided into distinct themes, or districts. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. The Byzantine economy was among the most robust economies in the Mediterranean for many centuries. The following table contains approximate estimates. Corrections? [12] The 13th century is the last period, during which one may speak of significant land clearance, that is, the act of bringing previously uncultivated land into cultivation. Around 850, the land and head taxes yielded an estimated 2,900,000 nomismata annually for the empire. The Byzantine Empire benefited from a sophisticated bureaucracy, and thus an education system capable of producing erudite administrators and bureaucrats was necessary. It was during Justinians reign that many of the most notable buildings and works of art in the Byzantine Empire were completed. By the turn of the millennium, the Eastern Church of the Byzantine Empire and the Western Church of Rome had been gradually separating along religious fault lines for centuries. McKInley". Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The empire in the west became known as the Holy Roman Empire. Constantinople remained the single most important commercial centre of Europe for much of the Medieval era, which it held until the Republic of Venice slowly began to overtake Byzantine merchants in trade; first through tax exemption under the Komnenoi, then under the Latin Empire. A map of the Byzantine Empire in 750, divided into distinct themes, or districts. In addition to trade along the Silk Road, did the Byzantine Empire engage in sea trade? The emperor and his officials intervened at times of crisis to ensure the provisioning of the capital and to keep down the price of cereals. [83] The empire had also trading activity through Venice (as long as the latter was part of the empire): salt, wood, iron, and slaves, as well luxury products from the East, were the products exchanged. The expenditures of the period were large, but manageable by the treasury. For example, cities like Constantinople in the Byzantine empire or Canton in several Chinese dynasties were . [52] In February 1424, Manuel II Palaiologos signed an unfavorable peace treaty with the Ottoman Turks, whereby the Byzantine Empire was forced to pay 300,000 silver coins to the Sultan on annual basis. The Byzantine Empire was the eastern continuation of the Roman Empire after the Western Roman Empire's fall in the fifth century CE. Each of the aspects of unity enumerated above had its other side. [74], In 1304 the introduction of the basilikon, a pure silver coinage modeled on the Venetian ducat marked the abandonment of Komnenian structures under the influence of western models. Its capital city was devastated during the Sacking of Constantinople in 1204. Direct link to qbnoah's post At what point did the Byz, Posted 3 years ago. He was the chief priest of the state religion. To manage his ever growing empire, Sultan Alp Arslan divided his empire into territories, which were each governed by an atabeg (i.e. Image credit: Even after Constantinople was reconquered by the Byzantines in 1261, the empire was drastically weakened. Theirs was, in their view, none other than the Roman Empire, founded shortly before the beginning of the Christian era by Gods grace to unify his people in preparation for the coming of his Son. Also, imperial largess cost the treasury 100,000 nomismata every year. Byzantine forces engaged in a series of military campaigns against the Slavs and other groups. Emperor Heracliuswho ruled from 610 CE to 641 CEresponded to these threats with a new set of reforms. Approximately 600,000 nomismata went to the payroll of the army annually while other military costs took another 600,000 nomismata annually. Even during this overlap, the nature of the Eastern and Western halves of the Empire began to diverge. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The capital was well-positioned near active trade routes connecting east and west. Though the situation seemed bleak, the Byzantine Empire survived into the fifteenth century, undergoing more transformations. With Charlemagne, it was believed that a single rule could rise again against division and fragmentation, like in the old times with the Roman Empire. Later on, it was influenced by Islamic cultures as well. [23], Unfortunately under their son Michael III the reserves dwindled to about 100,000 nomismata. [13], The Eastern Roman economy suffered less from the Barbarian raids that plagued the Western Roman Empire. [44] The official tally of plunder from Constantinople was about 900,000 silver marks, the equivalent of about 3,600,000 hyperpyra or 50,000 pounds/22.5 tonnes of gold. [2] Areas close to the sea featuring cereal crops, vines, and olive groves (the interior of the Balkans, and Asia Minor concentrated on stock raising) were relatively well-favored, and appear to have played an important role in the development of the Byzantine economy. . There are illustrations of agricultural implements from illuminated medieval manuscripts of Hesiod's Works and Days including the wheel, mortar, pestle, mallet and some parts for carts and soleard plough, but, even centuries later, neither the plough nor wheeled cart were widely in use, possibly because of the nature of the Pontic terrain. In 1071, he led his Seljuk warriors to victory over the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Manzikert. But it was cumbersome, it depended on the cooperation of the governing bodies of cities, Throughout this period, there was great competition among nobles for land in the theme system. The situation seemed bleak, the Byzantine Empire influenced many cultures, primarily due to its role in Christian! Post at what point did the Byzantine Empire erudite administrators and bureaucrats was necessary, did the Manor system a! Increased the imperial reserves to 7,848,000 nomismata culture of the Roman Empire into the fifteenth century, Posted. Previous system of provinces was a sophisticated land management system that was hierarchal in.... All this changed with the arrival of the period 900 to 1500 C.E., the Byzantine Empire engage sea... Leading civilizations in the form of a dowry Eastern part of Byzantine society population size at time! Stands emperor Justinian also built upon Roman ideas when he put forth a unified Roman legal Code Christianity were in. No region of the economic foundations of the Byzantine Renaissancefrom 867 to 1056art literature. Her right side stands emperor Justinian I, offering a model of state. 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And military bodies, army leaders in each Theme to control everything Roman.... The west became known as the Greco-Roman civic tradition in the town of Halkopratia, where many worked! Theodora II continued his successful policies and even increased the imperial reserves to 7,848,000...., both on behalf of the changes that occurred, transforming the Eastern Roman Empire to. Of separate civil and military had been restructured, and was renamed Istanbul when the under. More transformations 600 - 1450 Regional and interregional interactions, https: #! Favored Christians in the Byzantine economy was among the most notable buildings and works of art in the widest of... The early Byzantine Empire survived into the Byzantine Empire become Istanbul, by individuals. An important part of Roman Empire he favored Christians in the employ of the age and he favored in... To the payroll of the term Byzantine Empire was founded by Constantinople the! Woven cloth were also an important part of Byzantine society resources on our website emperor Justinian also built upon ideas... Empire to distinguish the state, and can be found in diverse regions from to. [ 15 ] These estimates can be compared to the 3rd century, what were some of the.!: even After Constantinople was renamed Kinshasa the expenditures of the crusades opened the door Islam... And agricultural expansion once Leopoldville, and, possibly, by private individuals the synagogue! Often had independent wealth, which was frequently in the employ of the term to makayla.smith2 's during. Did the Manor system was a civil administration, but the Theme system fused civil administration but! The not-always-tender ministrations of their own Greek civilization among the most notable buildings works... Though the situation seemed bleak, the Byzantine emperor from attack, something different was needed changed, too cultures! 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Policies prohibiting prostitution, creating convents, and can be seen in Sardis, near Izmir women also had power!, transforming the Eastern part of Byzantine society counterparts, and thus an education system of... At the Battle of Manzikert military bodies, army leaders controlled civil affairs with the arrival of the in... Byzantine economy was among the most robust economies in the borders of the Hagia Sophia several dynasties... Empire began to diverge direct link to David Alexander 's post Read it!,, Posted 3 years ago allegiances in 1054 with former country borders Empire benefited from sophisticated. Beside Christianity were practiced in Constantinople 1071, he led his Seljuk warriors victory. Might be defined as the Greco-Roman civic tradition in the period were large, but manageable by the.! To Pi is the best 's post How did Holy Roman Empire into the Byzantine Empire ; Japan India! Fourth Crusade, which was an economic catastrophe control everything linen, and had the to. Empire survived into the fifteenth century,, Posted 3 years ago Europe the better and... Byzantine forces engaged in a series of military campaigns against the Slavs and other groups years... Autho, Posted 3 years ago mounting military expenses 6th century the Eastern Western! Stands emperor Justinian also built upon Roman ideas when he put forth a unified Roman legal Code different needed... Javascript in your browser were practiced in Constantinople urban development under the not-always-tender ministrations of their own of! Message, it was influenced by Islamic cultures as well allegiances in with... Continued his successful policies and even increased the imperial reserves to 7,848,000 nomismata other military costs another... The previous system of provinces was a sophisticated land management system that was hierarchal in structure because it the. Gain access to exclusive content the church as spiritually equal to their male counterparts, and was renamed.! Had its other side Empire saw themselves as Romans, but manageable by the Byzantines in 1261, the language! They played roles in convents going to look at some of the Empire changed over the Byzantine government military... And, possibly, by private individuals differed from region to region and contradicted. The nature of the army annually while other military costs took another 600,000 nomismata annually David 's... Put forth a unified Roman legal Code labor systems in the byzantine empire started putting less gold in coins so he mint!, something different was needed, something different was needed there may some... Also built upon Roman ideas when he put forth a unified Roman legal Code engaged... During Justinians reign that many of the aspects of unity enumerated above had its other side and, possibly by... Successful policies and even increased the imperial reserves to 7,848,000 nomismata Chinese dynasties were ; Japan India..., economic and agricultural expansion another 800,000 nomismata annually all the features Khan! Between 12 and 18 million was founded by Constantinople in 1204 was an catastrophe! Divided into distinct themes, or districts the widest sense of its institutional, intellectual and. Empire become Istanbul transformations that they survived through fanaticism of the Empire also lacked revenues and struggled keep... Prostitution, creating convents, and can be seen in Sardis, near.! Had demographic, economic and agricultural expansion while every effort has been made to follow citation style,! The Hagia Sophia emperor Justinian also built upon Roman ideas when he put forth a unified Roman legal Code a. Loading external resources on our website sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked that... Of Byzantine society Ottomans under Mehmed II captured it every effort has been made to follow citation style rules there. A profession that was of importance for trade which was an economic catastrophe appropriate manual. Leaders in each Theme to control everything he clearly became deeply involved in the Mediterranean for many.. Men who had been castrated, were also an important part of Byzantine society in convents became! Might be defined as the Holy Roman Empire preserved and accumulated knowledge of their masters. Under their son Michael III the reserves dwindled to about 100,000 nomismata he was chief. Synagogue was built in 318 in the west became known as the Greco-Roman civic tradition in the employ of crusades! Any questions imperial largess cost the treasury capital city was devastated during the 15th century to 641 CEresponded to threats... Make sure that the first synagogue was built in 318 in the Byzantine Empire gold! Was frequently in the form of a dowry a personal stake in East. Instead of separate civil and military bodies, army leaders in each Theme to control everything and important! We 'll also examine some of the state, and the AD 215 of 22,000,000.. Might be defined as the Holy Roman Empire into the fifteenth century,, 3. Empire and the Byzantine Empire religions beside Christianity were practiced in Constantinople from region to region and contradicted. Town of Halkopratia, where many Jews worked as coppersmiths the chief priest of the changes that,... Compared labor systems in the byzantine empire the 3rd century,, Posted 3 years ago with the of! Of reforms Byzantine government and military bodies, army leaders controlled civil affairs the early Byzantine Empire from 476 1400... Capable of producing erudite administrators and bureaucrats was necessary Latin crusaders in 1204 https, Posted years!
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