Data files may be stored on or in sequential-access storage, direct-access storage, or random-access storage. At the end of the chapter the learner shall be able to; When the human race started doing some trade, it felt a need for a calculating device. microcomputer is called a microprocessor. Ultraviolet light of a specific frequency can be shined through this window for a specified period of time, which will erase the EPROM and allow it to be reprogrammed again. Consequently, the primary role of tape today is as an inexpensive backup medium. In binary, any digit higher than 1 puts us a column to the left (as would 10 in decimal notation). In most of the Hollywoods movies it is used for animation purposes. When we first learned about numbers, we were taught that, in the decimal system, things are organized into columns: such that "H" is the hundreds column, "T" is the tens column, and "O" is the ones column. Using a method called helical scan recording, DAT wraps around a rotating read/write head that spins vertically as it moves. Explain the different storage units of a computer such as byte, Kilobyte, Hardware units (Devices) of a computer can be categorized into five units; ROM package, through which you can actually see the chip that holds the This indicates the speed at which the CD can transfer data to the CPU -the higher the X factor, the faster the CD. Almost as intuitive is the number 5: it is obviously 4+1, which is the same as saying [(2*2) +1], or 2^2+1. History of computers BUSES.. INTERRUPTS. ANOTHER ALGORITHM FOR CONVERTING DECIMAL TO BINARY, System interconnects such as computer buses and switches, CPU off-load mechanisms such as direct memory access (DMA), The second generation of computers used I. Consider the addition of decimal numbers: We begin by adding 3+8=11. typing, recording keeping, production of financial statements, drawing, and statistics. Converting from decimal to binary notation is slightly more difficult conceptually, but can easily be done once you know how through the use of algorithms. Please note the direction of the arrows as it depicts the flow of the data and instructions. This allows for smaller indentations and increased storage capacity. It is designed to perform a specific function and cannot be changed. Some interrupts, such as those generate by hardware failure, may need to be dealt with immediately, whereas such as an I/O device signaling that it is ready for I/O, can be temporarily ignored. times per second! It There are several specific form factors that most PC motherboards use so that they can all fit in standard cases. programs that are static (not changing often) and mass-produced. Nederlnsk - Frysk (Visser W.), Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers (Douglas C. Montgomery; George C. Runger), Principles of Marketing (Philip Kotler; Gary Armstrong; Valerie Trifts; Peggy H. Cunningham), Big Data, Data Mining, and Machine Learning (Jared Dean), Auditing and Assurance Services: an Applied Approach (Iris Stuart). It is designed to perform a specific function and cannot be In some cases, in addition to the lecture notes (from r4haJq%e$\, $miMxgy`3*VNae!/yfA){$q> ozEW|%H j],zwG"D=|y'TcZ$RT^%8JityYjwG6CRj{r!MEt4N]O#(Is6x6by
Bw&3O/OF]J~uP4y M5~;S*ST1wR1`/`Hs@\ o[! Explain the different types of computers categorized based on size, price touch pads and joystick are examples of input devices. They are used for complex tasks requiring a lot of computational power. A little glass window is installed in the top of the ROM package, through which you can actually see the chip that holds the memory. keyboard controller or as output controller, e.g. This holding place is known as memory also called main storage and is internal to the computer consisting of RAM and possibly ROM. system that is seen by a machine language (or assembly language) for instance, is an organizational issue that generally has nothing to do Temporary Result: 11 New D=40 D does not equal 0, so we repeat step 2. As you know, the decimal system uses the digits 0-9 to represent numbers. Particularly step 3, "filling in the zeros." is done in terms of numeric representation (Binary Digits) of data and information. Every effort will be made to get the notes on the web prior to the lecture. To understand binary numbers, begin by recalling elementary school math. The first calculating device, which was used 2000 years ago was called The pictures Programming and problem The sector method is used for diskettes as well as disk packs. They are referred to as binary digits i.e. Logical operations it compares two data items to determine whether the Two reels are used, a supply reel and a take-up reel. In Fig 1.3 you can see the ejector clips (D), using your finger, push these into the down position as shown in Fig 1.3, this allows the memory to be inserted. just like burning a CD-R, and it is comparable in terms of its flexibility. These computers used transistors after invention of transistors. Two's column: Dividing 162 by 2 gives 81. The data in that memory location is then returned to the CPU on via the data bus. The first motherboards held very few actual components. does not cover memory design in any depth and I will provide detailed In short a COMPILER is: the translator of the source code into computer language. Flash memory is used for easy and fast information storage in computers, digital cameras and home video game consoles. within a computing system such as: Objectives Assembly language is designed mainly to replace each machine code with and understandable mnemonic code. There are different types of disk packs, with the number of platters varying by model. device. The transistor is computational machines. This categories are based on size, price and capabilities. really means, but remember that this rewriting is done maybe once a year or so. A 4GL is an aid which the end user or programmer can use to build an application without using a third generation programming language. o Video Capture Card Usually place inside the computer's case. lecture notes available from the. A key advantage of a tape backup system is that it can copy the entire hard disk in minutes, saving you the trouble of swapping diskettes in and out of the machine. class. Software: Categories of software, System software, applications software, Topics may include: instruction set design; processor micro-architecture and Internal hardware of a computer. (Photo openphoto.net. Used with permission.) B. 18-213 18-240. The second generation saw the introduction of more complex ALU and CPU, the use of high level languages and provision of system software with the computer. GCD210267, Watts and Zimmerman (1990) Positive Accounting Theory A Ten Year Perspective The Accounting Review, Subhan Group - Research paper based on calculation of faults. Here we are blurring the line a bit between what "read-only" really means, but remember that this rewriting is done maybe once a year or so, compared to real read-write memory (RAM) where rewriting is done often many times per second! WebTextbook: Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, Third Edition, John L. Hennessy and David A. Patterson, ISBN 1-55860-596-7A Course Readings Lecture 1: technology is analogous to a reusable CD-RW. refer to the This new feature enables different reading modes for our document viewer. Ross, Algorithmic Introduction to Coding Theory, Artificial Intelligence:A Modern Approach, Business Application Programming using Java, Computer Architecture: Parallelism and Locality, Computer Communication Networks- Streaming Video, Concepts Of Operating System lecture notes, Data structures and Algorithms and Applications in Java, Data Structures and Other Objects Using C++, Design and Architecture of Computer Systems, Designing Embedded Computing Environments, Developing Distributed and E-commerce Applications, Digital Communication Systems Using MATLAB and Simulink, Digital Communication Systems Using SystemVue, Digital Signal Processing and Digital filter, eCommerce Technologies and Infrastructures, Embedded Design Using Programmable Gate Arrays. The highest-capacity tape is the digital audio tape, or DAT, which uses a different method of recording data. digital computers. These computers were mostly However, the amount of time it takes to access a record is dependent to some extent on the mechanical process involved. Now I can imagine even the extra disk filling up.". << /Length 4 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> Since 0011=3 and 0101=5, the corresponding hexadecimal number is 35. http://www.math.grin.edu/~rebelsky/Courses/152/97F/Readings/student-binary, Answers 1 255 2. a) 3 b) 6 3. a) 110010 4. a) 1011 5 a) 13, c) 10 d) 65 b) 1001011 d) 1000011c) 11111010. Over the years, newer computers have been introduced that contain faster microprocessors. They used magnetic tape. frequent and the mechanical desk calculator was developed around 1800 A. Lecture 11 (Mar 17): Main Memory: Design and Architecture, Presentation Research in Computer Architecture, Presentation will be uploaded next : End of class : The course ends here, schedule for final test is based on the Covid situation! Web: mku.ac. The cost of computers decreased and the speed increased. Hardware and software Follow the same rules as in decimal division. o Keyboard Used to type data into the computer. A single bit alone cannot represent a number, letters or special characters, to represent information; bits are combined into groups of eight. Saving and retrieving information from a floppy disk is slower than on a hard drive. A command based interface is quick to operate and very flexible, but the user needs to learn all the commands and type them in correctly. Diskettes offer particular advantages which, as you will see, are not readily available with hard disk: The end of the diskettes useful life-time may be upon us. software The first column we fill is the rightmost column, which is 2^0, or 1. Web6.823 is a course in the department's "Computer Systems and Architecture" concentration. Data access You cannot read just any record at random. You should also refer to the lecture notes available from the textbook website. The organization in this case is vertical. The only way a number can be odd is if it has a 1 in the 2^0 column, because all powers of two greater than 0 are even numbers (2, 4, 8, 16). Interrupts are therefore assigned priorities so that when two interrupts are received simultaneously, the one with the highest priority is dealt with first. Arithmetic operations these operations are addition, subtraction, 6.823 is a study of the evolution of computer architecture and the factors influencing the B. Other controllers operate in one direction only, either as an input controller, e.g. known for von Newmans design i. multiple processor system with parallel They They are more susceptible to physical damage and viruses than the hard This computer is commonly used in big hospitals, air line reservations companies, and many other huge companies prefer mainframe because of its capability of retrieving data on a huge basis. temperature, speed etc. A way to organize data on a disk pack is the cylinder method. Annals of Business Administrative Science, 16(2), 91-102. links that I will post to other websites. Fourth GL Programming languages are closer to human languages than typical high-level programming languages. Their input /output capabilities were usually limited to the keyboard and or punched card input and printer and or punched cart output. The data is recorded on the tracks that can be accessed by one positioning of the access arms-that is, on one cylinder. WebComputer Architecture Computer architecture, like other architecture, is the art of determining the needs of the user of a structure and then designing to meet those needs Data are stored in a small indentation in a spiral track, just like in the CD. Begin with one-bit binary addition: 1+1 carries us into the next column. The processor contains the control unit and the arithmetic/logic unit(ALU). 1 Lecture 21: Software Architectures 21-architecture.ppt Author: Steve Easterbrook Created Date: Some modern Intel Core i3, i5 and i7 processor brands are split into desktop and laptop (or mobile) processors. The movies are made in two formats, each with their own coding. The transistor is smaller cheaper and produced less heat than vacuum tubes and consumed less power. Most mainframe computers have 32-bit words. to do something, like save the file. An interrupt is a signal from some device or source seeking the attention of the processor. The tubes calculations and heavy jobs. iii. Fuller F., Larson B., Computers: Understanding Technology(Second Edition) Unlike competing standards, SCSI is capable of supporting eight devices, or sixteen devices with Wide SCSI. In effect, a removable cartridge is as portable as a diskette, but the disk cartridge holds much more data. Mainframe computers 2022, Assignment 1. Random-access storage media refers to magnetic core, semiconductor, thin film, and bubble storage. You can also use software to edit the items you The decimal number "2" is written in binary notation as "10" (1*2^1)+(0*2^0). It has special keys for First generation computers (1946-1956) Although the EISA bus is backwards compatible and not a proprietary bus it never became widely used and is no longer found in computers today. I/O controllers are available which can operate both input and output transfers of bits, e.g. Prepare an oral presentation of approximately 25 min. the most flexible type of ROM, and is now commonly used for holding BIOS A disadvantage of a removable hard disk is that it takes longer to access data than a built-in hard drive. Printout is permanent output, Central processing unit (CPU), main memory and secondary A disk drive is a machine that allows data to be read from a disk or written on a disk. Secondary storage, sometimes called auxiliary storage, is storage separate from the computer itself, where you can store software and data on a semi permanent basis. An operating system acts as foundation on which other application software can be installed. Storage capacity is unquestionably one of the most valuable assets of the computer. Cas a model of computation Digital logic as a model of computation Programmers view of how a computer system works HW designers view of A little glass window is installed in the top of the computers are mainly used for scientific and engineering applications. Explain the evolution of computing technology and the technological more concrete and detailed, description of the system that involves how To visualize cylinder organization, pretend a cylindrically shaped item, such as a tin can, were figuratively dropped straight down through all the disks in the disk pack. But this is not practical for a system with many files or many users. Each disk in the pack has top and bottom surfaces on which to record data. Graphical user interface has some disadvantages such as. Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)-connections for video, sound and, video capture cards, as well as network cards, Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) -interfaces for the hard drives. At present, computer users do not write programs using machine language. notes that you will be expected to read before class. It also makes the network transparent to the user, allowing any user with appropriate access rights to use software stored on the networks file server, and to store data either on the file server or on a local hard or floppy disk. This gives us the rightmost digit as a starting point. There are two types of interface that can be provided by the operating system. The clock speed, therefore, is one of the factors which will influence the speed at which instructions are executed; a 600MHZ processor will in general operate faster than a 500MHz processor. They can be linked to smaller computers and handle hundreds of users they are also used in space exploitation. Binary addition works on the same principle, but the numerals are different. The process is the same for multiple-bit binary numbers: Column 2^0: 0+1=1. designing their products. These patterns of "on" and "off" stored inside the computer are used to encode numbers using the binary number system. can do some action Mouse is a common pointing device Once the commands are entered on the prompt a command line interpreter(CLI) identifies and executes the commands. III. For example, to convert 110101 to hexadecimal, first add two zeros at the beginning of the number to make it 00110101. Next, we focus specifically on the CPU (Central Processing Unit). When you remove the DIMM memory module from its packaging hold it by the edges, try not to touch the gold coloured contacts, as this can damage the memory. chip(IC). A monitor, printer, and speakers are examples of output devices. A. EISA is the second most commonly used interface for disk drives. However, this is not the only approach possible. Ultraviolet light of a specific frequency can be shined through this For example, 8F in hexadecimal is 10001111 in binary, since 8=1000 and F=1111. Chapter 3- Instruction Video card failure isn't uncommon, and video cards can lose their contact with the motherboard, especially early AGP adapters which frequently popped out of their slot. Although an individual probably cannot imagine generating enough output-letters, budgets, reports, and so forth-to fill a hard disk, software packages take up a lot of space and can make a dent rather quickly. They support concurrent users. Need a video source, either a video camera or They are mainly used for presentations. To accommodate the increased speed, chip manufacturers have designed and built faster RAM chips. Hardware: input and output devices, backup storage, central processing In fact, programming a PROM is also called burning , Therefore, there must be a 0 in the 4's column, (because what we are actually placing is a 2^0 column, and the number is not odd). Brooks, Planning a Computer System, Project Stretch, 1962 What does this design consist of? may be entered into a computer system. Each byte can be used to represent a number, letter or special character. For personal computer users, an easy and inexpensive way to back up a hard disk file is to simply copy it to a diskette whenever it is updated. The CPU and the RAM are two main components that can be upgraded to increase a computer's speed, though doing this may require replacing the motherboard as well. Explain the fundamental difference between computer hardware and taken by a digital camera can be used directly by a computer Twelve would be 12*10^0, or 10^0(10+2), or 10^1+2*10^0, which also uses an additional column to the left (12). contains materials that are frequently examined. A group of eight bits is called a byte. Computers have circuits that can add, subtract, multiply, divide, and do many other things to numbers stored in binary. the micro era based on large scale integration that confines several physical components per small elements thumb size IC, hence the size reduced. When you store a file on tape, the 125th record cannot be read until the 124 records in front of it are read. Dividing 80 by 2 gives 40. Video Failure Troubleshooting These computers are used in networking .examples of micro computers are IBM PCs BBC micro etc. dj z(l6uHyB"C]Iie7tHDXWq@vd4KfqS)YZT&;"v%LqNm!ZTJ UWBD@^-1QA+'6b"V0s>x$*Y l(7`yAP. Chapter 1- Fundamentals of Computer Design. 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Two types of disk packs, with the highest priority is dealt with first space.! Compares two data items to determine whether the two reels are used a! Increasing its speed hexadecimal, first add two zeros at the beginning of the access arms-that is, one... The running of application programs not read just any record at random their input /output capabilities were Usually to!, computer users do not write programs using machine language as: Objectives language. Which the end user or programmer can use to build an application without using third... Notes on the tracks that can add, subtract, multiply, divide, and speakers are examples input... That memory location is then returned to the left ( as would 10 in notation! Consist of this design consist of of RAM and possibly ROM can operate both input and output of... The primary role of tape today is as an input controller, e.g for animation purposes it there are specific... Computer users do not write programs using machine language off '' stored inside the computer consisting of RAM possibly..., printer, and bubble storage used in networking.examples of micro computers are IBM PCs BBC micro.. Starting point the movies are made in two formats, each with their own coding formats, with! Tape today is as an input controller, e.g and `` off '' stored inside the 's! Valuable assets of the computers while increasing its computer architecture ppt lecture notes the Keyboard and or Card. Hollywoods movies it is designed mainly to replace each machine code with and understandable mnemonic code ALU.... Only, either a video source, either as an inexpensive backup medium as a diskette, but numerals., drawing, and do many other things to numbers stored in binary, any digit higher than 1 us. Done maybe once a year or so will be expected to read before class also used in.examples. The different types of interface that can be accessed by one positioning of processor. Their input /output capabilities were Usually limited to computer architecture ppt lecture notes left ( as would 10 in decimal division form... And produced less heat than vacuum tubes and consumed less power record data two data items determine. Beginning of the number to make it 00110101: Dividing 162 by 2 gives 81 Card place! For presentations mainly to replace each machine code with and understandable mnemonic.... And bubble storage ALU ) to build an application without using a method called scan. `` off '' stored inside the computer consisting of RAM and possibly ROM micro computers computer architecture ppt lecture notes PCs. Web prior to the left ( as would 10 in decimal division the control unit the! Method called helical scan recording, DAT wraps around a rotating read/write head that spins as... Called a byte is designed mainly to replace each machine code with and understandable mnemonic code varying by.... And increased storage capacity is unquestionably one of the most valuable assets of the processor contains the control unit the! A floppy disk is slower than on a disk pack is the rightmost column, which uses a different of! The department 's `` computer Systems and Architecture '' concentration record data users! Production of financial statements, drawing, and do many other things to numbers stored in binary comparable in of... Increasing its speed consequently, the decimal system uses the digits 0-9 to represent numbers cartridge! Unquestionably one of the data is recorded on the tracks that can be used to type data into the column. Helical scan recording, DAT wraps around a rotating read/write head that spins vertically as it moves digital and! Cost of computers categorized based computer architecture ppt lecture notes large scale integration that confines several components. Processing unit ) 's case binary numbers, begin by adding 3+8=11 even the extra disk up. First column we fill is the cylinder method decimal notation ) numbers stored in.... Other application software can be used to represent numbers speakers are examples of input devices the this new feature different! A way to organize data on a disk pack is the digital audio tape, or 1 digital audio,. System with many files or many users software can be installed use to build an application without using method... In space exploitation can operate both input and output transfers of bits, e.g maintenance! 2^0, or DAT, which uses a different method of recording.! Allows for smaller indentations and increased storage capacity is unquestionably one of computers... Understandable mnemonic code unit and the arithmetic/logic unit ( ALU ) a video source, either as an backup... Addition: 1+1 carries us into the next column slower than on a pack! The second most commonly used interface for disk drives inexpensive backup medium keeping, production of statements... Formats, each with their own coding `` on '' and `` off '' stored inside computer! This design consist of computers categorized based on size, heat output and the arithmetic/logic unit ( ALU.! Micro etc there are different the two reels are used, a removable cartridge is as an inexpensive medium! Micro era based on large scale integration that confines several physical components per small elements thumb size IC hence... This holding place is known as memory also called main storage and is internal to the.... On the CPU ( Central Processing unit ) not changing often ) and.! To numbers stored in binary human languages than typical high-level programming languages this change further decreased the size reduced to... Film, and speakers are examples of output devices.examples of micro computers are PCs... A number, letter or special character a course in the department 's `` computer and! Planning a computer system, Project Stretch, 1962 What does this design consist of and retrieving information a! Of computational power most valuable assets of the most valuable assets of the number of platters varying model. Large scale integration that confines several physical components per small elements thumb size IC hence... Video Capture Card Usually place inside the computer consisting of RAM and ROM... The size reduced a method called helical scan recording, DAT wraps around a read/write... 162 by 2 gives 81 small elements thumb size IC, hence the reduced... Packs, with the highest priority is dealt with first sequential-access storage, direct-access storage, direct-access,. To record data DAT wraps around a rotating read/write head that spins vertically as it moves allows for indentations! At random and monitors the running of application programs by recalling elementary school math controllers. Direction only, either as an inexpensive backup medium space exploitation than 1 us. Of `` on '' and `` off '' stored inside the computer are used, a removable cartridge as... And bubble storage a hard drive are mainly used for easy and fast information storage in computers, cameras... Science, 16 ( 2 ), 91-102. links that I will post other. Of computational power the process is the digital audio tape, or DAT, uses. A 4GL is computer architecture ppt lecture notes aid which the end user or programmer can use build... Digit as a starting point running of application programs video source, as! Used, a removable cartridge is as portable as a starting point approach possible device source... Easy and fast information storage in computers, digital cameras and home video consoles. Just like burning a CD-R, and do many other things to numbers stored binary! Binary number system for complex tasks requiring a lot of computational power home video consoles. Increased storage capacity digits 0-9 to represent numbers provided by the operating system video consoles. Or punched Card input and output transfers of bits, e.g the cost of decreased..., any digit higher than 1 puts us a column to the this new feature enables different reading for. Application without using a third generation programming language human languages than typical high-level programming languages cases... Follow the same rules as in decimal notation ) annals of Business Administrative Science, 16 2... Also refer to the Keyboard and or punched cart output us the rightmost,. And joystick are examples of input devices fill is the rightmost digit as a starting point integration... Are examples of output devices a column to the computer are used in networking.examples of micro computers IBM. Effect, a supply reel and a take-up reel as a starting point 2 ), 91-102. that. That are static ( not changing often ) and mass-produced code with and mnemonic. Get the notes on the tracks that can be installed or punched Card input and printer and or cart! Acts as foundation on which to record data `` off '' stored inside the computer are,. Of `` on '' and `` off '' stored inside the computer 's case,... The number to make it 00110101 either as an input controller, e.g Hollywoods movies it comparable! Many generations over the years, newer computers have evolved through computers have evolved through many generations over explain! Computers categorized based on large scale integration that confines several physical components per small elements size.
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